Document Type : Research Article
Graphical Abstract
A new host record of Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval & Lacordaire, 1835) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in Iran with a taxonomic note and a checklist of the lice of Guilan Province
Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
Research Center of Health and Environment, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran [1]; Department of Medical Parasitology, Mycology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran [2].
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9370-9638
Meysam Sharifdini
Department of Medical Parasitology, Mycology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2686-7748
Alireza Sazmand
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8450-2993
ABSTRACT. There is little information about the lice infesting birds and mammals in Guilan Province of northern Iran besides their importance in medicine and veterinary medicine. A good series of lice were collected from a road-killed great egret, Ardea alba (Ciconiiformes: Ardeidae), in Rasht City of Guilan Province in the summer of 2023. The collected lice were preserved in 80% ethanol and cleared in 10% KOH. The microscope slides of specimens were prepared using Berlese’s fluid. The chewing lice were morphologically identified as Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval & Lacordaire, 1835) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from the great egret, as a new host record for Iran. A taxonomic note was presented for the species. Also, a checklist of the Phthiraptera of Guilan Province as well as their hosts and distribution were presented including three suborders, four families, ten genera and 12 species. This checklist is considered preliminary for further investigation.
Keywords: Amblycera, avian lice, bird lice, biting lice, chewing lice
Citation: Azari-Hamidian, S., Sharifdini, M. & Sazmand, A. (2025) A new host record of Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval & Lacordaire, 1835) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in Iran with a taxonomic note and a checklist of the lice of Guilan Province. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, 11 (x), xx–xx.
INTRODUCTION
The order Phthiraptera (Insecta: Hemimetabola) includes four suborders: Anoplura (sucking lice), Amblycera, Ischnocera and Rhynchophthirina (collectively known as avian, biting or chewing lice). The sucking lice are obligate, hematophagous ectoparasites of placental mammals, however the chewing lice are obligate ectoparasites of birds and marsupial or placental mammals (Durden, 2019). The order composes approximately 5000 species including more than 550 species of sucking lice (Light et al., 2010) and more than 4400 species of chewing lice (Price et al., 2003). A few species of sucking lice are important in medicine and veterinary medicine. Three or two species, depending on their classification, of the head louse Pediculus capitis De Geer, 1778 (or the subspecies Pediculus humanus capitis De Geear, 1778) and the body louse P. humanus Linnaeus, 1758 (or the subspecies P. humanus humanus Linnaeus, 1758, synonym: P. humanus corporis De Geer, 1778) (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) and the crab (pubic) louse Pthirus pubis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Phthiraptera: Pthiridae) are important in public health (Service, 2001; Durden, 2019). The main important human pathogens, which are mainly, naturally and biologically transmitted by the body louse, are: the epidemic (louse-borne) relapsing fever agent Borrelia recurrentis, the epidemic (louse-borne or exanthematic) typhus pathogen Rickettsia prowazekii and the causing agent of trench fever Bartonella quintana (Durden, 2019). Some pathogenic bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Coxiella burnetti (the agent of Q fever), R. conori (the pathogen of Boutenneuse), R. rickettsia (the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever), Salmonella typhi (the pathogen of typhoid or salmonellosis), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Yersinia pestis (the agent of plague) have been detected in the head and/or body lice (Durden, 2019; Fu et al., 2022; Deng et al., 2023).
Other than human-specific louse species some other sucking lice are known to be associated with human health via their role in the epidemiology of some diseases. Pedicinus obtusus (Rudow, 1869) (Phthiraptera: Pedicinidae), infesting macaques, has been reported to be infected with the trench fever agent (Durden, 2019). The sucking louse Neohaematopinus sciuropteri (Osborn, 1891) (Phthiraptera: Polyplacidae) is a vector of R. prowazekii to flying squirrels (Service, 2001; Durden, 2019). Some sucking lice of rodents such as Hoplopleura oenomydis Ferris, 1921 (Phthiraptera: Hoplopleuridae) and Polplax spinulosa (Burmeister, 1839) (Phthiraptera: Polyplacidae) are known vectors of the murine typhus agent R. typhi in rodents (Azad, 1990). Some species of Polyplax, such as P. spinulosa and P. serrata (Burmeister, 1839), are vectors of pathogens causing haemotropic mycoplasmas (Service, 2001; Durden, 2019). The dog-chewing louse Trichodectes canis (De Geer, 1778) (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) is known intermediate host of the double-pored tapeworm Dipylidium caninum (Durden, 2019). Although canids and felids are the normal hosts for this globally distributed tapeworm, rare human cases have been reported from different countries (Beugnet et al., 2018). Although several species of lice affect their hosts severely through causing anaemia, weight loss, damage to hides and fur, general irritability, transmitting some pathogens and parasites and costing very much for some livestock industries, most species of lice are not important in medicine or veterinary medicine, because they mostly infest wild birds and mammals (Durden, 2019). Relapsing fever and typhus were historically reported in Iran, especially the epidemics of typhus during the First and Second World War (Külz, 1917; Fry, 1920; Sinton, 1921; van Rooyen et al., 1944; Snyder, 1947; Bayne-Jones, 1948; Moulton, 1948; Golshani et al., 2022); however, there is no record of the aforementioned diseases during recent decades in the country. There are many published data about pediculosis capitis, including some recent useful systematic reviews and meta-analyses which the readers may refer to for further references (Sohrabivafa et al., 2020; Khosravani et al., 2021; Akbari et al., 2022). Also, there is some data on the body louse (Ghorbani et al., 2024) and the pubic louse (Dehghani et al., 2013; Garedaghi, 2015).
There is a substantial amount of published data in Iran, specifically about lice-infesting birds (Rafyi et al., 1969a; Bahiraei et al., 2024). Bahiraei et al. (2024) have reviewed further references that are not cited herein. However, there is not much information about the lice infesting mammals in the country (Rafyi et al., 1969b; Kim & Emerson, 1971; Kaneko, 1972; Mostaghni & Ahmadnezhad, 1979; Seydigazafi et al., 2022). Some data also become available due to the investigation of different endoparasites and/or ectoparasites, including ticks, mites, fleas as well as lice in different hosts (i.e. Maghami, 1968; Anwar et al., 1971a, 1971b; Rak, 1972; Hosseini et al., 2001; Ebrahimzade et al., 2016; Rassouli et al., 2016; Hosseinzadeh Marzenaki, 2017; Hosseinzadeh Marzenaki & Shojaee, 2017; Chaechi-Nosrati et al., 2018).
In the summer of 2023, a road-killed great egret, Ardea alba (Ciconiiformes: Ardeidae) was found infested with many lice just outside Rasht City, capital of Guilan Province, Caspian Sea littoral, northern Iran. This article presents the result of the identification of those lice with a taxonomic note as well as a checklist of the lice of Guilan Province, their hosts and geographical distribution.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The collected lice were preserved in 80% ethanol and cleared in 10% KOH. The microscope slides of specimens were prepared using Berlese’s fluid. The specimens were morphologically identified using available keys (Price & Beer, 1965; Clay, 1969; Price et al., 2003). Photographs were captured by the first author using a Canon® EOS 600D camera attached to a Nikon® E200 Microscope with a trinocular head. The specimens are deposited in the Museum of Medical and Veterinary Entomology, the School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Valid names of the species of lice were adopted from Durden & Musser (1994), Price et al. (2003) and Smith et al. (2024). The morphological terminology recommended by Price et al. (2003) is used.
Regarding the checklist of Phthiraptera of Guilan Province, the scanty available data about the fauna of lice of birds and mammals in Guilan Province (Hosseini et al., 2001; Dik & Halajian, 2013; Ebrahimzade et al., 2016; Rassouli et al., 2016; Hosseinzadeh Marzenaki, 2017; Hosseinzadeh Marzenaki & Shojaee, 2017; Chaichi-Nosrati et al., 2018) were compiled. In some published records, only the hosts of collected lice have been mentioned without the exact locality of collection (Maghami, 1968; Rafyi et al., 1969a, 1969b; Anwar et al., 1971a, 1971b). Thus, it is not possible to retrieve the possible detection of recorded lice in Guilan Province from the literature, though their hosts occur in the province.
RESULTS
Taxonomic hierarchy
Class Insecta Linnaeus, 1785
Order Phthiraptera Haeckel, 1896
Suborder Amblycera Kellogg, 1896
Family Menoponidae Mjöberg, 1910
Genus Ciconiphilus Bedford, 1939
Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval & Lacordaire, 1835) (Fig. 1A–H)
Material examined. A total of 140 microscope slides (71 females and 69 males) were provided from the collected lice on the great egret Ardea alba. The specimens were collected by Meysam Sharifdini just outside Rasht City (37°16′28″N, 49°35′20″E) in September 2023. The lice specimens were identified as Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval & Lacordaire, 1835) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) based on morphological characters (Fig. 1). The number of anterior setae (or their alveoli if setae are missing) on abdominal tergites in 20 females of C. decimfasciatus were presented in Table 1 (see Taxonomic note). The lice were collected from different parts of the host body including the neck, wings, back and abdomen. This is the first record of this louse species from the great egret in Iran. No other ectoparasite was observed on the host.
Taxonomic note. Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus is a very similar species to Ciconiphilus butoridiphagus Carriker, 1964 (synonym: C. melanolophi Price & Beer, 1965) (Price & Beer, 1965). They are differentiated using the number of anterior setae on abdominal tergites in females and minor differences in the shape of the penis of the male genitalia (Price & Beer, 1965). In C. butoridiphagus, the penis is deeply concave in basal margin and with heel-like projection at apical portion, best seen in lateral view, whereas, in C. decimfasciatus, the penis is elongate, slender, with almost straight basal margin and evenly rounded apical bend (Price & Beer, 1965). The male genitalia of the specimens of this investigation (Fig. 1H) shows exact similarity with the illustration of C. decimfasciatus provided by Price & Beer (1965) and similar to the photo provided by Amina et al. (2014). The figure of the penis for C. decimfasciatus in Carriker et al. (1964) is slightly different from the figure provided by Price & Beer (1965). Also, Carriker et al. (1964) described C. butoridiphagus based on just female specimens. Price & Beer (1965) described the male and female of C. melanolophi that later became a junior synonym of C. butoridiphagus because they shared the same type-host species (Price & Emerson, 1966). Except for the figure provided by Price & Beer (1965), there is not any figure or specimen of C. butoridiphagus (or C. melanolophi) available to the authors to compare the penis shape. Price & Beer (1965), in their key, mentioned that abdominal tergites II–VI have a total of 0–3 anterior setae in C. butoridiphagus and over 3 anterior setae in C. decimfasciatus in females. They added the numbers of anterior setae that were 2–6 on abdominal tergites II–IV, 1–2 on V and 0–2 on VI, and total number of anterior setae on II–VI of 7–18 (average 12.3).
_2025/03_JIBS_86238_Azari_Hamidian_Ciconiphilus/1.jpg)
Figure 1. Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval & Lacordaire, 1835) collected from the great egret in Guilan Province of northern Iran, 2023. A. General habitus; B. Head, dorsal view; C. Antenna; D. Maxillary palpus; E. Claws; F. Hindfemur ctenidia; G. Sternal ctenidia; H. Male genitalia.
Table 1. The number of anterior setae (or their alveoli if setae are missing) on abdominal tergites II–VI in 20 females of Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval & Lacordaire, 1835) collected from the great egret in Guilan Province of northern Iran, 2023.
|
Abdominal tergites |
The number of anterior setae (or their alveoli if setae are missing) in female individuals |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
II |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
3 |
6 |
4 |
3 |
6 |
6 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
2 |
6 |
3 |
4 |
3 |
|
III |
4 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
6 |
4 |
3 |
4 |
6 |
4 |
3 |
5 |
3 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
|
IV |
3 |
3 |
4 |
3 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
|
V |
0 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
6 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
VI |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Total number |
13 |
14 |
16 |
13 |
15 |
20 |
13 |
8 |
16 |
20 |
12 |
12 |
18 |
12 |
20 |
22 |
20 |
11 |
12 |
12 |
Also, Price & Beer (1965) noted, “Specimens from hosts other than the type-host [Ardea cinerea] show occasional departures from the above-cited ranges; however, none of these is consistent enough to enable specific or sub-specific differentiation”. This phenomenon was observed in this investigation, either. The numbers of anterior setae were 2–6 on abdominal tergite II (just one specimen 2, others 3 or more), 3–6 on III, 2–5 on IV (four specimens 2, others 3 or more), 0–6 (13 specimens 0–2 setae, others 3 or more) on V, 0–3 on VI (18 specimens 0–2 setae, others 3) and total number of anterior setae on II–VI of 8–22 (average 14.9) (Table 1). Kumar et al. (2019) mentioned that the numbers of anterior setae of abdominal tergites are 4 on II, 5 on III, 3 on IV, 3 on V and 2 on VI for each side in a female collected from Bubulcus ibis (cattle egret) in India (Total number = 34). It seems that the numbers are much higher than those of the present study and Price & Beer (1965)’s work. As the authors know, there is no more data about the chaetotaxy of the species. In this regard, Price & Beer (1965) noted, “Only a study of good series of these closely related species from a number of hosts has enabled us to observe these differences and to verify their stability”. It is noteworthy that Ledger (1980) reported C. decimfasciatus from Butorides striatus from the Transvaal of Africa, whereas Price & Beer (1965) recorded C. butoridiphagus (as C. melanolophi) from the same host in Cuba and Thailand. Ledger (1980) explained, “It is possible that geographical distribution plays a role in this case, or else the species of lice may sometime prove to be inseparable” and the author did not include C. butoridiphagus in the checklist of Afrotropical Ciconiphilus, even though the host genera Butorides and Ixobrychus were present in the region. Moreover, Zlotorzycka et al. (1999) mentioned the subspecies C. decimfasciatus minor (Piaget, 1885) (synonym: Colpocephalum trchioxum var. minor Piaget, 1885) for the species using body measurements, but it is now considered a synonym of C. decimfasciatus (Price et al., 2003; Smith et al., 2024). It seems that body measurements have not made enough reliable and consistent characters to use in the taxonomy of this species (Carriker, 1964; Price & Beer, 1965; Zlotorzycka, et al., 1999; Amina et al., 2014; Kumar et al., 2019). It is believed that the body size of lice, and also other parasites, may be influenced by the host body size, the population density of lice, differences in selection pressure exerted by each host, inter and intraspecific competition, microhabitats within the host body, which lice occupy and different community-level interactions (Johnson et al., 2005; Tryjanowski et al., 2007; Harnos et al., 2017).
Checklist of Phthiraptera of Guilan Province. The checklist of species as well as their hosts, distribution in the province (if it is available) and references, including three suborders, four families, ten genera and 12 species, is presented here. This checklist is regarded as preliminary because few collections and specimens are available for the province.
Suborder Amblycera Kellogg, 1896
Family Menoponidae Mjöberg, 1910
Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval & Lacordaire, 1835)
Host association. Egretta garzetta (little egret), Talesh (Dik & Halajian, 2013); Ardea alba (great egret), Rasht (present work).
Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch, 1818)
Host association. Gallus gallus (fowl), Rudsar (Hosseinzadeh Marzenaki & Shojaee, 2017); Columba livia (pigeon), Lahijan (Chaechi-Nosrati et al., 2018)*.
Menopon gallinae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Host association. Anser anser (greylag goose), Guilan (Hosseini et al., 2001)*; Gallus gallus (fowl), Langroud (Hosseinzadeh Marzenaki, 2017), Rudsar (Hosseinzadeh Marzenaki & Shojaee, 2017); Columba livia (pigeon), Lahijan (Chaechi-Nosrati et al., 2018)*.
Suborder Anoplura
Family Pediculidae Leach, 1817
Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, 1758
Host association. Homo sapiens (human), Rasht (Golchie & Ahmadi Ghajari, 2002; Golchie & Ramezanpoor, 2003), Astara, Rudbar, Siahkal, Fuman, Lashtenesha (Pourbaba et al., 2005), Amlash (Rafinejad et al., 2006).
Suborder Ischnocera
Family Philopteridae Nitzsch, 1818
Ardeicola sp. nr expallidus (Blagoveshtchensky, 1940)
Host association. Egretta garzetta (little egret), Talesh (Dik & Halajian, 2013).
Columbicola columbae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Host association. Columba livia (pigeon), Lahijan (Chaechi-Nosrati et al., 2018).
Goniocotes gallinae (De Geer, 1778)
Host association. Meleagris gallopavo (turkey), Rasht (Rassouli et al., 2016).
Goniodes dissimilis Denny, 1842
Host association. Gallus gallus (fowl), Langroud (Hosseinzadeh Marzenaki, 2017), Rudsar (Hosseinzadeh Marzenaki & Shojaee, 2017).
Goniodes gigas (Taschenberg, 1879)
Host association. Meleagris gallopavo (turkey), Rasht (Rassouli et al., 2016).
Goniodes sp.
Host association. Columba livia (pigeon), Lahijan (Chaechi-Nosrati et al., 2018)*.
Lipeurus caponis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Host association. Anser anser (greylag goose), Guilan (Hosseini et al., 2001).
Family Trichodectidae Kellogg, 1896
Trichoidectes canis (De Geer, 1778)
Host association. Canis familiaris (dog), Guilan (Ebrahimzade et al., 2016).
Remarks. The bird hosts, indicated by an asterisk, are not normally the hosts of the louse species. These records are probably due to contamination or misidentification.
DISCUSSION
Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus was reported to infest the little egret Egretta garzetta (Ciconiiformes: Ardeidae) in Talesh of Guilan Province, for the first time in 2013 (Dik & Halajian, 2013). This is the second report of this species with a new host record in Iran. The fact that this louse has been found on two bird species in Guilan Province, means there is the possibility of finding the louse in other known hosts which occur in the province. The genus Ciconiphilus is cosmopolitan and includes nine species, and its hosts are limited to certain members of the bird orders Anseriformes and Ciconiiformes (Carriker, 1964; Price & Beer, 1965; Palma, 1978; Price et al., 2003; Smith et al., 2024). In the genus, only two species, C. butoridiphagus and C. decimfasciatus, infest the bird family Ardeidae, the bitterns and herons. Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus has a cosmopolitan distribution and infests at least 16 genera and 22 species of the family Ardeidae (Price & Beer, 1965; Price & Emerson, 1966; Ledger, 1980). Price et al. (2003) prepared keys to the lice suborders, families and genera that infest Ciconiformes. In the family Menoponidae, the genus Ciconiphilus is characterized by having both ctenidia on the hindfemur and the third abdominal sternite and lateral slit, not notch, on the head (Clay, 1969; Price et al., 2003) (Fig. 1). The genus is included in the Colpocephalum complex (Clay, 1969; Ledger, 1980).
Ciconiphilus butoridiphagus is a very close and similar species to C. decimfasciatus (Price & Beer, 1965). It has also been collected from the bird hosts of five genera representing six species of the family Ardeidae in British West Indies, Cuba, Thailand, Trinidad and USA and is the only representative of the genus Ciconiphilus found on the bird genera Butorides, Gorsachius and Ixobrychus, but this species has not been collected from the genera Ardea and Egretta (Price & Beer, 1965; Price et al., 2003). On the other hand, Ledger (1980) reported a series of C. decimfasciatus from Butorides striatus from the Transvaal of Africa, whereas Price & Beer (1965) recorded C. butoridiphagus (as C. melanolophi) from the same host in Cuba and Thailand. It seems that more material from different hosts and geographical distributions for these two very close species is needed for a better analysis of their variation.
AUTHOR′S CONTRIBUTION
The authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: S. Azari-Hamidian: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data curation, writing original draft; M. Sharifdini: investigation, data curation, writing original draft; A. Sazmand: investigation, data curation, writing original draft. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
FUNDING
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL
The specimens mentioned in this article are deposited in the Museum of Medical and Veterinary Entomology, the School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences. All other data are provided within the manuscript.
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE
This study only included arthropod material, and all required ethical guidelines for the treatment and use of animals were strictly adhered to in accordance with international, national, and institutional regulations. No human participants were involved in any studies conducted by the authors for this article.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Dr. Bahman Navidshad, Department of Animal Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran, for providing some literature.
