Document Type : Research Article
Graphical Abstract
New records of shore flies (Diptera, Ephydridae) from Morocco
Rachida Akhrif
LESCB URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tétouan, Morocco.
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3315-5865
Khalid Aattouch
LESCB URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tétouan, Morocco.
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0680-4822
Mourad Beni-Eich
LESCB URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tétouan, Morocco.
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2031-6666
Paul L.Th. Beuk†
Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 6-7, 6211KJ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6383-3905
Khadija Bouzrarf
LESCB URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tétouan, Morocco.
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0104-9916
Abdellatif Akarid
LESCB URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tétouan, Morocco.
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3823-1229
Boutaïna Belqat
LESCB URL-CNRST N°18, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tétouan, Morocco.
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2857-7699
ABSTRACT. Among the 45 collected and identified species, one genus (Scoliocephalus Becker, 1903) and nine species of shore flies (Diptera, Ephydridae) are recorded for the first time in Morocco of which seven species are new to the North African region (Gymnoclasiopa aulisioi (Canzoneri, 1976), Gymnoclasiopa flavoantennata (Strobl, 1900), Hydrellia fascitibia (von Roser, 1840), Philotelma rossii (Canzoneri & Meneghini, 1979), Scatophila mesogramma (Loew, 1862), Scatophila quadriguttata (Meigen, 1830) and Scatophila signata (Loew, 1860)). New data on the distribution of 23 other species are provided: twenty, six and two species are, respectively new for the Rif, the High Atlas, and the Middle Atlas Mountains, whereas one species is new for each of the Central Plateau and the Anti Atlas Mountains. These findings increased the number of Ephydridae species recorded in Morocco to 126 species in 44 genera. They contribute significantly to the understanding of the biodiversity and biogeographical distribution of the Ephydridae family in Morocco and North Africa. The Ephydrids fauna of Morocco account for 6.1% of the world’s known species.
Keywords: Biodiversity, distribution, Rif Mountains, Middle Atlas, High Atlas, North Africa
Citation: Akhrif, R., Aattouch, K., Beni-Eich, M., Beuk, P.L.T., Bouzrarf, K., Akarid, A. & Belqat, B. (2025) New records of shore flies (Diptera, Ephydridae) from Morocco. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, 11 (x), xx–xx.
INTRODUCTION
Among the families of acalyptrate Diptera, the Ephydridae, commonly called shore flies or brine flies, are one of the most abundant and diverse, with about 2000 species currently recognized worldwide (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995, with updates). Shore flies are small to moderate-sized, 1–6 mm long, and are usually dull and dark-coloured. The species of Ephydridae typically develop in aquatic or semi-aquatic conditions, feeding on bacteria, algae, yeasts, or decaying excrement and animal matter, or mining in leaves and stems (Zatwarnicki, 1992). Shore flies exhibit great structural diversity, reflected in their classification, with a total of 5 subfamilies and 20 tribes worldwide (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
The first report of a shore fly (Psilopa nitidula Fallen, 1823) in Morocco was made by Becker and Stein (1913) in their paper on Moroccan Diptera. This was later followed by additional records documented by Séguy (1930, 1941a, 1941b, 1953), Dahl (1964) and Soika (1956). Then it took more than 30 years for the Ephydridae to attract the attention of other researchers. Zatwarnicki (1987, 1988) added three more species to the Moroccan list. Comprehensive studies were conducted by Vitte (1988, 1989, 1991, 1992), who described new species and made an inventory of the Moroccan fauna, presenting additional records for Morocco and North Africa. As part of a national study on the biodiversity of the benthic fauna, Dakki (1997) conducted a further inventory of Moroccan Ephydridae and recorded 95 species. Subsequent studies continued to add records for Morocco (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 2002; Gatt & Ebejer, 2003, Chillasse & Dakki, 2004; Cassar et al., 2005; Pârvu et al., 2006; Koçak & Kemal, 2010; Zatwarnicki & Mathis, 2011; Zatwarnicki & Irwin, 2018; Ebejer et al., 2019). Very recently, an annotated checklist with distributions based on bibliographical data was published in the first catalogue of Moroccan Diptera. The list was compiled by Kettani et al. (2022) and counted 117 species of Ephydridae. Our objective in this study is to enhance the knowledge of this family in Morocco and to demonstrate, through our field data, that the number of Ephydridae species in Morocco is higher than reported in the literature.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A total of 1358 specimens of Ephydridae (648 males and 710 females) were collected using sweep nets and Malaise traps between 2011 and 2022. Adults were also reared in the laboratory from larvae and pupa following the technique of Afzan and Belqat (2016); the substratum harbouring the early stages of Ephridids were taken from lotic and lentic habitats and transported to the laboratory and organized on steel gauze net. In all 64 sites distributed over the Rif, the Middle Atlas, the High Atlas and Anti Atlas Mountains, and the Central Plateau were sampled. The authors BB and RA sampled the majority of the sites. Sampling sites, with coordinates and elevations, are given, and the locations of the sites are shown in Figure 1. The maps were created using the program GisArc (Geographic Information System, version 9.3). The bulk of the collected material was identified by R. Akhrif, with assistance from P. Beuk. Specimens were examined under a binocular microscope while still in ethanol. Whenever needed specimens were briefly dried to examine dust patterns that are usually poorly visible while specimens are in ethanol. The genitalia of some specimens were dissected using the procedure described by Beuk (2021). Prepared genitalia were stored in the same vials as the source specimens. The following literature was used while identifying the material: Andersson (1971), Becker (1926), Beschovski and Zatwarnicki (2000), Canzoneri and Meneghini (1983), Clausen (1977), Collin (1966), Drake (2001, 2013), Wirth (1975), Zatwarnicki (2018), Zatwarnicki and Irwin (2018). Taxa are listed according to the classification scheme of Zatwarnicki (2023). All identified specimens are preserved in 70% ethanol, and most are deposited in the collection of Diptera of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essadi University, Tétouan. A small number of voucher specimens is deposited in the collection of the Maastricht Natural History Museum, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
RESULTS
The list of identified species is presented in Table 1. New records are marked with bold set text. The material examined is given and the distribution of the identified species is provided, together with notes on the breeding sites. A checklist summarizes the species presently known from North Africa (Table 1) and. Those species which are new records for North Africa are marked with three asterisks (***), those new for Morocco are marked with two asterisks (**) and the species which represent the first record for one or other of the Moroccan geographical regions are marked with one asterisk (*). Biogeographical distributions for recorded species are presented in Table 2.
_2025/13_Biotaxa_86642-Ephydidae/1.jpg)
Figure 1. Map of Morocco indicating the collecting sites for shore flies in this study. A. Moroccan map showing sampling regions. B. The Rif Mountains. C. The Central Plateau and the Middle Atlas Mountains. D. The High and the Anti Atlas Mountains.
Taxonomic hierarchy
Class Insecta Linnaeus, 1758
Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758
Suborder Brachycera Duméril, 1805
Family Ephydridae Zetterstedt, 1837
Subfamily Ephydrinae Zetterstedt, 1837
Tribe Ephydrini Zetterstedt, 1837
Genus Ephydra Fallén, 1823
Ephydra flavipes (Macquart, 1843)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Lac Tirakaâ (35°15'84.2"N 2°92'82.6"W, 54 m), 09.V.2022–16.V.2022, reared (Fig. 2A), Akhrif leg.
Distribution in Morocco. Central Plateau: Atlantic coast (Vitte, 1991). Rif (New record).
General distribution. Afrotropical: Chad, Seychelles (Aldabra), Sudan, United Arab Emirates. Palaearctic: Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Tunisia, Türkiye, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
_2025/13_Biotaxa_86642-Ephydidae/2.jpg)
Figure 2. The representative habitats of the collected Ephydrid species in Morocco, A. Lac Tirakaâ – Salicornia – Ephydra riparia and Philotelma rossii; B. Daya Mtahen – Scatophila mesogramma; C. Village Imlil – Scatophila signata; D. Cascade de Imlil – Gymnoclasiopa flavoantennata.
Ephydra riparia Fallén, 1813
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂ 1♀, Lac Tirakaâ (35°15'84.2"N 2°92'82.6"W, 54 m), 9.V.2022–16.V.2022, reared (Fig. 2A), Akhrif leg.
General distribution. Nearctic: Canada. Palaearctic: Afghanistan, Austria, Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Madeira Islands, Mongolia (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995), Morroco (New record), Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (European Territory, Siberia, Far East), Sweden, Tunisia, Ukraine (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
Habitat. The specimens were reared at laboratory temperature. Adults emerged seven days from the collected substrate from the environment of Tirakaâ, a large lake, where the halophytic vegetation was dominated by Salicornia sp.
Tribe Hyadinini Phillips et al. [in Cresson], 1949
Genus Hyadina Haliday, 1837
Hyadina guttata (Fallén, 1813)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♀, Ruisselet El Anassar (35°00'78.8"N 4°57'41.9"W, 1183 m), 24.V.2013; 1♂, Oued Ametrasse (35°05'01.4"N 5°05'13.0"W, 828 m), 18.IV.2015; 2♀, Daya Amsemlil (35°15'59.6"N 5°25'91.7"W, 1060 m), 23.IV.2016; Belqat leg., sweep net; 1♀, Aïn Mansoura (34°83'57.3"N 4°96'51.5"W, 761 m), 12.XII.2020; 1♀, Oued Djnane (Kalâa) (35°12'43.0"N 5°14'59.1"W, 819), 13.V.2022, Akhrif and Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988). Rif (New records).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Austria, Azores, Belgium, Canary Islands, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Macedonia, Madeira Islands, Morocco, Romania, Russia (European Territory, Far East), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Genus Nostima Coquillett, 1900
Nostima picta (Fallén, 1813)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♀, Oued Ametrasse (35°05'01.4"N 5°05'13.0"W, 828 m), 18.IV.2015, Belqat leg., sweep net; 1♀, Douar Bni Faghloum (34°54'19.5"N 5°86'11.0"W, 667 m), 23.V.2021; 1♂, Puit Lota (34°54'19.6"N 5°86'10.0"W, 666 m), 24.V.2021, Akhrif leg., sweep net. Middle Atlas: 1♀, Douar Zraïb (32°35'2.2"N 6°14'4.8"W, 479 m), 27.IV.2018, 1♀, 28.IV.2018, Qalmoun leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Central Plateau (Vitte, 1991). Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988). Rif (New records).
General distribution. Nearctic: Canada, United States Neotropical: Guatemala, Mexico. Palaearctic: Afghanistan, Austria, Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Macedonia, Madeira Islands, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, (European Territory, Far East), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Tribe Scatellini Wirth & Stone, 1956
Genus Haloscatella Mathis, 1979
Haloscatella dichaeta (Loew, 1860)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂ 1♀, Aïn Mansoura (34°83'57.3"N 4°96'51.5"W, 761 m), 12.XII.2020, Akhrif leg., sweep net. Middle Atlas: 1♂, Douar Zraïb (32°35'2.2"N 6°14'4.8"W, 479 m), 27.IV.2018, Qalmoun leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Middle Atlas: Khemisset, Oued Beth, Dayat Aoua (Vitte, 1988). Central Plateau: Moulay Bousselham (Vitte, 1991). Rif (New records).
General distribution. Afrotropical: South Africa (Cape Province). Palaearctic: Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, China (NE Tibet), Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Morocco, Nether-lands, Poland, Romania, Russia (European Territory), Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
Genus Limnellia Malloch, 1925
Limnellia quadrata (Fallén, 1813)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Oued Jnane Niche (35°17'01.9"N 4°51'23.3"W, 36 m), 2.XII.2011, 2♂♂, 8.I.2019; 1♂, Daya El Anassar (35°00'78.8"N 4°57'41.9"W, 1183 m), 11.V.013, 1♂, 22.III.2019, Belqat leg., sweep net; 1♂ 1♀, Aïn Quanquben (34°57'75.0"N 4°40'78.3"W, 1600 m), 24.V.2013, 1♀, 28.IV.2015; 2♂♂, Oued Inesmane (35°08'59.0"N 5°05'10.0"W, 1173 m), 24.V.2013; 2♂♂, Oued Ametrasse (35°05'01.4"N 5°05'13.0"W, 828 m), 18.IV.2015; 2♀♀, Aïn Takhninjoute (35°06'88.1"N 5°08'27.0"W, 1512 m), 21.IV.2015; 1♂ 1♀, Bab Hmimar (34°95'20.0"N 5°14'30.0"W, 1230 m), 10.IV.2016; 4♂♂, Daya Amsemlil (35°15'59.6"N 5°25'91.7"W, 1060 m), 23.IV.2016; 1♂, Douar Kitane (35°32'41.2"N 5°20'39.3"W, 52 m), 14.XI.2016; 7♂♂ 6♀♀, Aïn Jdida (35°19'40.0"N 5°31'10.0"W, 1157 m), 23.IV.2017; 4♂♂ 5♀♀, Haoutat LKhchef (35°15'56.0"N 5°26'14.0"W, 1019 m), 27.IV.2017; 4♂♂ 3♀♀, Tougharine (35°11'60.9"N 5°18'40.2"W, 278 m), 9.IV.2017; 1♀, Âazfa (35°40'40.0"N 5°25'21.7"W, 333 m), 20.V.2018; 1♂, Douar Hammadech (35°21'86.5"N 5°30'89.4"W, 664 m), 6.I.2019; 1♂, Oued Majjou (35°06'17.5"N 5°10'83.6"W, 800 m), 8.II.2019; 1♂, La Garganta (35°15'10.9"N 5°26'43.6"W, 1330 m), 12.I.2020; 2♂♂, Daya Mtahen (35°16'19.5"N 5°26'15.8"W, 970 m), 10.II.2020; 1♂, Maison forestière de Talassemtane (35°08'07.6"N 5°08'26.2"W, 1670 m), 16.II.2020; 1♀, Douar Errayhana (35°39'60.8"N 5°23'63.0"W, 73 m), 8.III.2020; 5♂♂ 6♀♀, Aïn Mansoura (34°83'57.3"N 4°96'51.5"W, 761 m), 12.XII.2020, 3♂♂ 5♀♀, 15.V.2021; 1♂, Douar Zaytouna (31°01'59.3"N 5°20'18.3"W, 373 m), 20.III.2021; 190♂♂ 189♀, Lma d’Isoka (35°10'27.5"N 5°08'92.4"W, 1413 m), 11.V.2022, 62♂♂ 68♀♀, 12.V.2022; 19♂♂ 33♀♀, Oued Bni M’hamed (35°65'62.8"N 5°73'69.2"W, 1306 m), 11.V.2022; 84♂♂ 82♀♀, Pont Bni M’hamed (35°93'70.3"N 5°73'69.2"W, 1314 m), 11.V.2022; 38♂♂ 26♀♀, Ruisselet Gueness (35°09'00.2"N 5°08'00.2"W, 1500 m), 11.V.2022; 10♂♂ 7♀♀, Terrain Bouhalla (35°52'09.1"N 5°91'74.4"W, 1316 m), 11.V.2022; 17♂♂ 24♀♀, Oued Abou Bnar (Pont 2) (35°65'62.6"N 5°74'57.0"W, 1360 m), 12.V.2022; 13♂♂ 112♀♀, Oued Afaska (35°09'63.1"N 5°11'94.9"W, 1235 m), 12.V.2022; 7♂♂2♀♀, Oued Avant Afaska (35°10'21.5"N 5°10'72.6"W, 1092 m), 12.V.2022; 3♂♂ 4♀♀, Pont Abou Bnar (35°10'54.3"N 5°86'90.0"W, 1301 m), 12.V.2022; 3♂♂ 3♀♀, Douar Azaghar (35°14'27.8"N 0 5°75'93.0"W, 998 m), 13.V.2022; 22♂♂ 26♀♀, Oued Azilane (Ruisselement) (35°10'26.9"N 5°12'10.4"W, 1343 m), 13.V.2022; 5♂♂ 10♀♀, Oued Djnane (Kalâa) (35°12'43.0"N 5°14'59.1"W, 819 m), 13.V.2022, Akhrif and Belqat leg., sweep net. Middle Atlas: 1♂, Hay Tazi (34°03'75.6"N 5°03'56.3"W, 500 m), 29.II.2020; 1♂, Forêt Aïn Vittel (33°33'42.4"N 5°07'58.1"W, 1548 m), 1.III.2020, Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif: Central (Vitte, 1991). Middle Atlas (New records).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Algeria, Austria, Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Czech Republic, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Madeira Islands (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995), Morocco (Vitte, 1991), Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
Genus Philotelma Becker, 1896
Philotelma rossii (Canzoneri & Meneghini, 1979)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Oued Majjou (35°06'17.5"N 5°10'83.6"W, 800 m), 3.V.2013, Belqat leg., sweep net; 1♂, Lac Tirakaâ (35°15' 84.2"N 2°92'82.6"W, 54 m), 9.V.2022–15.V.2022, reared (Fig. 2A), Akhrif leg.
General distribution. Palaearctic: Czech Republic, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Morocco (New record for North Africa), Netherlands, Sweden (Mathis et al., 2009).
Habitat. The visited site of Oued Majjou is represented by the riparian strip along the Oued Maggou watercourse. Holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia) and cork oak (Quercus suber) are the main forest species that predominate in the forest surrounding the site. The riparian vegetation is mainly composed of Ampelodesma mauritanica, Cistus albidus, Dittrichia viscosa, Hedera maroccana, and Nerium oleander. The second site is Lac Tirakaâ, as described above under Ephydra riparia.
Genus Scatella Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Scatella (Neoscatella) subguttata (Meigen, 1830)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Oued Amsa (35°31'59.3"N 5°13'82.1"W, 13 m), 10.VII.2020, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Central Plateau: Atlantic and Mediterranean coast, Smir lagoon (Vitte, 1991), Merja Zerga (Pârvu et al., 2006). Rif (New record).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, Egypt, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy (El-Hawagry et al., 2018), Morocco (Vitte, 1991), Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Tunisia (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Scatella (Scatella) lacustris (Meigen, 1830)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♀, Séguia Dar Chaoui (35°31'2.7"N 5°43'4.6"W, 47 m), 14.XI.2013, reared, Belqat leg.; 1♂, Daya Amsemlil (35°15'59.6"N 5°25'91.7"W, 1060 m), 23.IV.2016, 1♂, 23.III.2021; 1♀, Aïn Jdida (35°19'40.0"N 5°31'10.0"W, 1157 m), 23.IV.2017; 1♂ 2♀♀, Oued Majjou (35°06'17.5"N 5°10'83.6"W, 800 m), 8.II.2019; 1♂, Daya Mtahen (35°16'19.5"N 5°26'15.8"W, 970 m), 23.III.2021; 1♂ 1♀, Oued Souk El Kdim (35°61'80.0"N 5°51'20.0"W, 230 m), 27.III.2021, Akhrif and Belqat leg., sweep net; 25♂♂ 20♀♀, Lac Laâchaych (35°12'51.0"N 5°22'38.0"W, 643 m), 12.II.2022, reared, Belqat leg. High Atlas: 1♀, Assif Haouz (31°07'42.4"N 7°55'08.3"W, 1896 m), 17.IV.2014, Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Anti Atlas: Ziz River (13 km N of Erfoud, 800 m) (Ebejer et al., 2019). Rif and High Atlas (New record).
General distribution. Afrotropical: Cape Verde Islands. Nearctic: Greenland, United States (Arizona, Illinois, Oregon). Palaearctic: Austria, Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Jordan, Madeira Islands (Zatwarnicki & Irwin, 2018), Morocco (Ebejer et al., 2019), Norway, Poland (Zatwarnicki & Irwin, 2018), Russia (European part, Siberia, Far East) (MacGowan et al., 2021), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Türkiye (Zatwarnicki & Irwin, 2018), United Arab Emirates (Mathis et al., 2017), Slovakia (Zatwarnicki & Irwin, 2018).
Scatella (Scatella) lutosa (Haliday, 1833)
Material examined. Morocco, Middle Atlas: 1♀, Oued Oum Er-rabie (32°54'5.1"N 5°40'2.8"W, 821 m), 30.IX.2017, Akhrif and Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Central Plateau: Moulay Bousselham (Vitte, 1991). Middle Atlas (New record).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy (El-Hawagry et al., 2018), Morocco (Vitte, 1991), Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkmenistan (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Scatella (Scatella) obsoleta Loew, 1861
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Oued Majjou (35°06'17.5"N 5°10'83.6"W, 800 m), 8.II.2019, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif: M’Diq (Vitte, 1991). Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988).
General distribution. Nearctic: Canada, United States. Palaearctic: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Morocco, Norway, Poland, Romania (Zatwarnicki & Irwin, 2018), Russia (European part, Siberia, Far East) (MacGowan et al., 2021), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland (Zatwarnicki & Irwin, 2018).
Scatella (Scatella) paludum (Meigen, 1830)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♀, Séguia Dar Chaoui (35°31'2.7"N 5°43'4.6"W, 47 m), 14.XI.2013, reared; 1♂, Aïn Jdida (35°19'40.0"N 5°31'10.0"W, 1157 m), 23.IV.2017; 1♂, Oued Majjou (35°06'17.5"N 5°10'83.6"W, 800 m), 8.II.2019; 1♂, Douar Majjou (35°06'18.6"N 5°10'93.5"W, 1321 m), 30.II.2020; 1♀, Daya Amsemlil (35°15'59.6"N 5°25'91.7"W, 1060 m), 23.III.2021; 1♂, Daya Mtahen (35°16'19.5"N 5°26'15.8"W, 970 m), 23.III.2021; 1♂, Oued Souk El Kdim (35°61'80.0"N 5°51'20.0"W, 230 m), 27.III.2021; 1♀, Oued Avant Afaska (35°10'21.5"N 5°10'72.6"W, 1092 m), 12.V.2022, sweep net, Akhrif and Belqat. High Atlas: 1♂, Douar Aghbalou (31°15'88.6"N 7°40'86.0"W, 1272 m), 17.X.2020, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Central Plateau: Oued Korifla (Dahl, 1964). Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988). Rif and High Atlas (New records).
General distribution. Afrotropical: Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa (Transvaal). Nearctic: Canada. Neotropical: Mexico, West Indies (Guadalupe). Palaearctic: Algeria, Austria, Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Madeira Islands, Mallorca, Malta, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania (El-Hawagry et al., 2018), Russia (European part, Siberia, Far East) (MacGowan et al., 2021), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Scatella (Scatella) stagnalis (Fallén, 1813)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Ruisselet El Anassar (35°00'78.8"N 4°57'41.9"W, 1183 m), 24.V.2013, Belqat leg., sweep net; 1♀, Aïn Jdida (35°19'40.0"N 5°31'10.0"W, 1157 m), 23.IV.2017; 3♂♂ 2♀♀, Pont Bni M’hamed (35°93'70.3"N 5°73'69.2"W, 1314 m), 11.V.2022; 1♂ 1♀, Oued Abou Bnar (Pont 2) (35°65'62.6"N 5°74'57.0"W, 1360 m), 12.V.2022, Akhrif and Belqat leg., sweep net. Middle Atlas: 1♂, Douar Zraïb (32°35'2.2"N 6°14'4.8"W, 479 m), 27.IV.2018, Akhrif and Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Middle Atlas: lakes of Middle Atlas (Vitte, 1988). High Atlas: Toubkal (Séguy, 1941a). Anti Atlas: Aït Melloul, Oued Souss (Dahl, 1964). Rif (New records).
General distribution. Afrotropical: Kenya, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Zaire. Australasian: French Polynesia, Hawaiian Is. Nearctic: Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Oriental: Japan, Taiwan. Palaearctic: Afghanistan, Algeria, Austria, Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Is., China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Faroe Is., Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Macedonia, Madeira Is., Malta, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Türkiye, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Genus Scatophila Becker, 1896
Scatophila caviceps (Stenhammar, 1844)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♀, Douar Errayhana (35°39'60.8"N 5°23'63.0"W, 73 m), 8.III.2020, Belqat leg., sweep net. Middle Atlas: 1♀, 22 sources (31°59'2.3"N 6°42'5.0"W, 819 m), 6.III.2019, Belqat leg., sweep net. High Atlas: 1♀, Mosquée de Imlil (31°08'14.1"N 7°55'21.5"W, 1806 m), 7.VII.2021, Akhrif leg., sweep net. 1♀, Anti Atlas: Oued Ziz (31°56'25.3"N 4°25'45.5"W, 1026 m), 9.VI.2015, Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Central Plateau: Rabat, Temara (Vitte, 1988). Middle Atlas (Vitte, 1988). Rif, High, and Anti Atlas (New records).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Afghanistan, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Madeira Islands, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
Scatophila despecta (Haliday, 1839)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♀, Forêt Belouazen (35°39'25.0"N 5°22'52.0"W, 35 m), 1.II.2022, Belqat leg., sweep net. Middle Atlas: 1♂ 1♀, Forêt Tachaouit (32°41'48.5"N 4°44'48.5"W, 1485 m), 12.III.2020, Belqat leg., sweep net. High Atlas: 1♀, Douar Aghbalou (31°15'88.6"N 7°40'86.0"W, 1272 m), 17.X.2020, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988), Khemisset, Oued Beth (Vitte, 1991). Rif and High Atlas (New record).
General distribution. Nearctic: United States. Palaearctic: Algeria, Austria, Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (European Territory, Siberia), Slovakia, Sweden (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
Scatophila farinae Becker, 1903
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Oued Laou (35°44'64.7"N 5°09'21.7"W, 27 m), 17.V.2016. High Atlas: 1♂, Assif Haouz (31°07'42.4"N 7°55'08.3"W, 1896 m), 17.IV.2014, Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988), Taounate (Vitte, 1991). High Atlas: Vallée de l’Ait Mizane (Zatwarnicki, 1987). Rif (New record).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Algeria, Canary Islands, Egypt, Italy, Morocco (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Scatophila mesogramma (Loew, 1862)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Daya Mtahen (35°16'19.5"N 5°26'15.8"W, 970 m) (Fig. 2B), 5.V.2022, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
General distribution. Nearctic: Canada (Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Quebec), United States (Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Oregon, Rhode Island). Palaearctic: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Great Britain (Zatwarnicki & Irwin, 2018), Morocco (New record for North Africa), Poland, Russia (European Territory, Siberia), Sweden (Zatwarnicki & Irwin, 2018).
Habitat. We collected S. mesogramma near Daya Mtahen (35°16.19.5"N 5°26.15.8"W, 970 m). It is a temporary pond located in Douar Mtahen, Jbel Bouhachem. The station is located in the heart of a relatively dense forest area, dominated by Pinus pinaster and a few Salix pedicellata trees, while Ficus carica adds a shady note. The herbaceous and shrubby layer is enriched by species such as Pteridium aquilinum, Cistus monspeliensis, Ranunculus ficaria, and Rubus ulmifolius.
Scatophila quadriguttata (Meigen, 1830)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♀, Plage Stihat (35°20'34.5"N 4°57'40.1"W, 5 m), 26.IV.2015, Belqat leg., sweep net.
General distribution. Palaearctic: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy (Zatwarnicki & Irwin, 2018), Morocco (New record for North Africa), Netherlands, Poland, Russia (European Territory), Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden (Zatwarnicki & Irwin, 2018).
Habitat. This species was collected out in the sand dunes and the beach surrounding vegetation. This beach is similar to the Mediterranean seaside boarding the village of Stehat.
Scatophila signata (Loew, 1860)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Forêt Belouazen (35°39'25.0"N 5°22'52.0"W, 35 m), 1.II.2022, Akhrif and Belqat leg., sweep net. High Atlas: 1♀, Village Imlil (31°08'14.1"N 7°55'21.5"W, 1805 m) (Fig. 2C), 6.VII.2021, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
General distribution. Palaearctic: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Danish mainland, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995), Morocco (New record for North Africa), Netherlands, Poland, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain mainland (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
Habitat. This species is found in diverse habitats throughout Morocco. Forêt Belouazen is a forested mountainous area with streams with a strong current, submerged vegetation, a coarse substrate, and abundant riparian vegetation. Village Imlil is characterized by the riparian strip along a watercourse within the village, where the vegetation is dominated by walnut trees (Juglans regia).
Scatophila unicornis Czerny, 1900
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Plage Stihat (35°20'34.5"N 4°57'40.1"W, 5 m), 26.IV.2015, Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Anti Atlas: 14 km E of Rich (Errachidia, 1278 m) (Ebejer et al., 2019). Rif (New record).
General distribution. Nearctic: Canada (ON), United States. Palaearctic: Austria, Denmark, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Morocco (Ebejer et al., 2019), Poland, Spain, and Switzerland (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
Gymnomyzinae Latreille, 1829
Tribe Discocerinini Cresson, 1925
Genus Discocerina Macquart, 1835
Discocerina obscurella (Fallén, 1813)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 2♀♀, Oued Laou (35°44'64.7"N 5°09'21.7"W, 27 m), 17.V.2016; 1♂ 2♀♀, Oued Amsa (35°31'59.3"N 5°13'82.1"W, 13 m), 10.VII.2020; 2♂♂ 1♀, Aïn Sidi Brahim Ben Arrif (35°20'41.5"N 5°32'53.5"W, 882 m), 27.V.2019. Middle Atlas: 11♂♂ 3♀♀, Source Ouzoud (32°01'1.1"N 6°43'3.2"W, 661 m), 09.XII.2018; 1♂, Douar Zraïb (32°35'2.2"N 6°14'4.8"W, 479 m), 9.III.2019, Akhrif and Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Central Plateau (Vitte, 1988). Middle Atlas: lakes of Middle Atlas (Vitte, 1988), Fès, Taounate (Vitte, 1991). Rif (New record).
General distribution. Afrotropical: Cape Verde Islands, Kenya, Rodriguez Islands, Zaire. Nearctic: Canada, United States. Neotropical: Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico (VRC), Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela, West Indies (Cuba, Dominica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas). Palaearctic: Austria, Algeria, Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Macedonia, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (European Territory, Siberia, Far East) (MacGowan et al., 2021), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, former Yugoslavia (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
Genus Gymnoclasiopa Hendel, 1930
Gymnoclasiopa aulisioi (Canzoneri, 1976)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂ 1♀, Pont Bni M’hamed (35°93'70.3"N 5°73'69.2"W, 1314 m), 11.V.2022 Akhrif leg., sweep net. Middle Atlas: 1♀, Source Ouzoud (32°01'1.1"N 6°43'3.2"W, 661 m), 09.XII.2018, Qalmoun leg., sweep net.
General distribution. Palaearctic: Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Italy (Hellqvist et al., 2024), Morocco (New record for North Africa), Netherlands (Hellqvist et al., 2024).
Habitat. The studied locality in the Rif Mountains is on the riverbank of a watercourse located approximately 40 m from the douar of Beni M’hamed. The riverside vegetation forms a dense and diverse strip along both banks of the Oued. Among the trees, are Cedrus atlantica, Quercus ilex, Ficus carica and Prunus domestica. Among the shrubs, we find Salix pedicellata and Rosa micrantha, while among the herbaceous plants, we observe Mentha villosa and Clinopodium vulgare. The second locality is one of the springs feeding the famous Ouzoud waterfalls in the Middle Atlas. The specimen was collected out in the vegetation cover surrounding the site. The tree species present in the region are: Quercus ilex, Thuja, Pinus halpensis, Juniperus, Ceratonia siliqua. Fruit trees include: Prunus dulcis, Ficus carica, Juglans regia and Olea europaea.
Gymnoclasiopa flavoantennata (Strobl, 1900)
Material examined. Morocco, High Atlas: 1♂, Cascade de Imlil (31°07'71.1"N 7°55'16.4"W, 1927 m) (Fig. 2D), 6.VII.2021, 1♂ 1♀, 7.VII.2021; 1♂, Village Imlil (31°08'14.1"N 7°55'21.5"W, 1805 m) (Fig. 2C), 6.VII.2021, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
General distribution. Palaearctic: Greece, Italy (Stuke, 2013), Morocco (New record for North Africa), Spain (Stuke, 2013).
Habitat. We captured this species near a small waterfall located at 1927 m, in the heart of a forested environment within the Atlas Mountains. The second habitat where we collected the species corresponds to that of Village Imlil, described above under Scatophila signata.
Tribe Gymnomyzini Latreille, 1829
Genus Athyroglossa Loew, 1860
Athyroglossa glabra (Meigen, 1830)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Pont Bni M’hamed (35°93'70.3"N 5°73'69.2"W, 1314 m), 11.V.2022, Akhrif leg., sweep net. Middle Atlas: 1♂, Douar Zraïb (32°35'2.2"N 6°14'4.8"W, 479 m), 27.IV.2018, Qalmoun leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif (Vitte, 1988). Middle Atlas: lakes of Middle Atlas (Vitte, 1988).
General distribution. Nearctic: United States (Washington). Palaearctic: Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Korea (North), Macedonia, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (European Territory, Far East), Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
Athyroglossa nudiuscula Loew, 1860
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Pont Bni M’hamed (35°93'70.3"N 5°73'69.2"W, 1314 m), 11.V.2022, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif (Vitte, 1991).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Albania, Austria, Canary Islands, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Italy, Jordan, Morocco, Romania, Russia, Spain (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
Genus Mosillus Latreille, 1804
Mosillus subsultans (Fabricius, 1794)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 11♂♂ 10♀♀, Marabou Sidi Bou Hadjel (35°47'26.3"N 5°21'69.5"W, 7.5 m), 23.VIII.2021. High Atlas: 1♂, Cascade de Imlil (31°07'71.1"N 7°55'16.4"W, 1927 m), 7.VII.2021 Akhrif leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif (Vitte, 1991). Middle Atlas: M’Rirt (Séguy, 1930), lakes (Vitte, 1988), Ifrane (Mathis et al., 1993). High Atlas: Imminen, Tachidirt (Séguy, 1930), Mikdane, Jebel Ayachi (Mathis et al., 1993).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Afghanistan, Austria, Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Egypt, Finland (El-Hawagry et al., 2018), Morocco (Séguy, 1930).
Tribe Hecamedini Mathis, 1991
Genus Allotrichoma Becker, 1896
Allotrichoma laterale (Loew, 1860)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 2♂♂, Oued Amsa (35°31'59.3"N 5°13'82.1"W, 13 m), 10.VIII.2020; 1♂, Oued Lkbir (34°54'47.9"N 5°83'17.0"W, 684 m), 22.V.2021; 2♂♂, Douar Bni Faghloum (34°54'19.5"N 5°86'11.0"W, 667 m), 24.V.2021, Akhrif leg., sweep net. Central Plateau: 1♂, Ferme Laghrousse (33°54'82.0"N 6°10'58.6"W, 420 m), 21.VII.2021, Akhrif leg., sweep net. Middle Atlas: 2♂♂, Source Ouzoud (32°01'1.1"N 6°43'3.2"W, 661 m), 09.VIII.2018, Qalmoun leg., sweep net. High Atlas: 2♂♂, Village Imlil (31°08'14.1"N 7°55'21.5"W, 1805 m), 6.VII.2021, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988). Rif, Central Plateau & High Atlas (New records).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Afghanistan, Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Jordan, Malta, Morocco, Poland, Russia (European Territory), Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadjikistan, Türkiye, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Allotrichoma simplex (Loew, 1861)
Material examined. Morocco, Middle Atlas: 1♂, Hay Tazi (34°03'75.6"N 5°03'56.3"W, 500 m), 29.II.2020, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988), Khemisset, Oued Sebou (Vitte, 1991).
General distribution. Nearctic: Canada (Ontario), United States (Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia). Palaearctic: Austria, Bulgaria, China (Tibet), Czech Republic, France, Hun gary, Italy, Morocco, Poland, Spain, Russia (European Territory), Switzerland, former Yugoslavia (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 2012).
Tribe Ochtherini Dahl, 1959
Genus Ochthera Latreille, 1802
Ochthera schembrii Rondani, 1847
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Aïn Sidi Brahim Ben Arrif (35°20'41.5"N 5°32'53.5"W, 882 m), 27.V.2019; 2♀, Oued Amsa (35°31'59.3"N 5°13'82.1"W, 13 m), 10.VIII.2020, Akhrif and Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif (Vitte, 1991). Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988). Central Plateau: Vitte, 1991.
General distribution. Afrotropical: United Arab Emirates Palaearctic: Algeria, Azores, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, Egypt, Great Britain, Greece, Iran, Italy, Malta, Morocco, Spain, Türkiye, Turkmenistan (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Hydrelliinae Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Tribe Discomyzini Acloque, 1897
Genus Actocetor Becker, 1903
Actocetor indicus (Wiedemann, 1824)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♀, Oued Amsa (35°31'59.3"N 5°13'82.1"W, 13 m), 10.VII.2021; 1♂2♀♀, Marabou Sidi Bou Hadjel (35°47'26.3"N 5°21'69.5"W, 7.5 m), 23.VIII.2021, Akhrif and Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif: Béni Aross (Séguy, 1953).
General distribution. Afrotropical: Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sokotra Island, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Zimbabwe. Oriental: India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka. Palaearctic: Canary Islands, Egypt (El-Hawagry et al., 2018), Morocco (Séguy, 1953), Saudi Arabia (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Tribe Hydrelliini Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Genus Hydrellia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Hydrellia albiceps (Meigen, 1824)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 2♂♂ 1♀, Daya Amsemlil (35°15'59.6"N 5°25'91.7"W, 1060 m), 23.IV.2016, Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988), Ifrane (Zatwarnicki, 1988). High Atlas: Vallée de l’Aït Mizane (Zatwarnicki, 1988). Rif (New record).
General distribution. Afrotropical: South Africa (Eastern Cape) (Zatwarnicki, 2022). Palaearctic: Austria, Germany (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995), Morocco (Zatwarnicki, 1988).
Hydrellia argyrogenis Becker, 1896
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♀, Oued Amsa (35°31'59.3"N 5°13'82.1"W, 13 m), 10.VIII.2020, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988). Central Plateau: Atlantic coast and Plains (Vitte, 1991). Rif (New record).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Austria, Canary Islands, China, Czech Republic, Great Britain, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Pakistan, Spain, and Tunisia (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
Hydrellia fascitibia (von Roser, 1840)
Material examined. Morocco, Middle Atlas: 1♂, Aïn Mhioula (33°12'4.6"N 8°11'5.7"W, 12 m), 30.VIII.2019, Qalmoun leg., sweep net.
General distribution. Nearctic: Canada, United States. Palaearctic: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy (Dek et al., 2023), Morocco (New record for North Africa), Poland, Romania, Sardinia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom (Dek et al., 2023).
Habitat. H. fascitibia was found for the first time near a spring surrounded by an area fed by spring water in the Middle Atlas. The dominant vegetation consists of wheat crops and several fruit trees.
Hydrellia griseola (Fallén, 1813)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Oued Ametrasse (35°05'01.4"N 5°05'13.0"W, 828 m), 18.IV.2015, Belqat leg., sweep net; 2♂♂, Douar Errayhana (35°39'60.8"N 5°23'63.0"W, 73 m), 08.III.2020; 2♂♂, Pont Bni M’hamed (35°93'70.3"N 5°73'69.2"W, 1314 m), 11.V.2022; 1♂, Oued Avant Afaska (35°10'21.5"N 5°10'72.6"W, 1092 m), 12.V.2022. Middle Atlas: 1♂, Hay Tazi (34°03'75.6"N 5°03'56.3"W, 500 m), 29.II.2020. High Atlas: 1♂, Village Imlil (31°08'14.1"N 7°55'21.5"W, 1805 m), 6.VII.2021, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif: Oued Laou cited in Kettani et al. (2022). Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988). High Atlas (New record).
General distribution. Afrotropical: Oman. Australasian: Australia (Queensland). Nearctic: Widespread in Bermuda, Canada, and the United States. Neotropical: Colombia. Oriental: Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan. Palaearctic: Afghanistan, Algeria, Austria, Azores, Belgium, Canary Islands, China (Hefei, Xining, NE Tibet), Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), Macedonia, Madeira Islands, Malta, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (European Territory), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Hydrellia subalbiceps Collin, 1966
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Ruisselet El Anassar (35°00'78.8"N 4°57'41.9"W, 1183 m), 24.V.2013, Belqat leg., sweep net; 1♂, Aïn Sidi Brahim Ben Arrif (35°20'41.5"N 5°32'53.5"W, 882 m), 27.V.2019; 1♂, Aïn Mansoura (34°83'57.3"N 4°96'51.5"W, 761 m), 12.XII.2020, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif: Ketama (Vitte, 1991). Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Algeria, France, Ireland, Italy, Morocco, Poland, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom (Dek et al., 2023).
Tribe Notiphilini Bigot, 1853
Genus Notiphila Fallén, 1810
Notiphila cogani Canzoneri & Meneghini, 1979
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Oued Laou (35°44'64.7"N 5°09'21.7"W, 27 m), 17.V.2016, Belqat leg., sweep net, sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif: Aïn Jdioui cited in Kettani et al. (2022). Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Algeria, Italy, Morocco (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
Notiphila riparia Meigen, 1830
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Plage Stihat (35°20'34.5"N 4°57'40.1"W, 5 m), 26.IV.2015, Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Middle Atlas: lakes and reedbeds (Vitte, 1988). Anti Atlas: Aït Melloul (Souss) (Krivosheina, 1998). Rif (New record).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Macedonia, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (European Territory), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
Tribe Psilopini Cresson, 1925
Genus Diasemocera Bezzi, 1895
Diasemocera biskrae (Becker, 1907)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 2♀♀, Lac Tirakaâ (35°15' 84.2"N 2°92'82.6"W, 54 m), 22.XII.2022–27.XII.2022, reared (Fig. 2A), Akhrif leg.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif: M’Diq (Vitte, 1991).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Algeria, Italy, Malta (Zatwarnicki, 2018), Morocco (Vitte, 1991), United Arab Emirates (Zatwarnicki, 2018).
Diasemocera leucostoma (Meigen, 1830)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♀, Plage Stihat (35°20'34.5"N 4°57'40.1"W, 5 m), 26.IV.2015, Belqat leg., sweep net; 1♀, Lac Tirakaâ (35°15' 84.2"N 2°92'82.6"W, 54 m), 22.XII.2022–27.XII.2022, reared (Fig. 2A), Akhrif leg.
Distribution in Morocco. Anti Atlas: Agadir (Séguy, 1941b). Rif (New records).
General distribution. Austria, Balearic Islands, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Corsica, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy (Zatwarnicki, 2018), Morocco (Séguy, 1941b), Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United States (Zatwarnicki, 2018).
Diasemocera nana (Loew, 1860)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂ 1♀, Lac Tirakaâ (35°15' 84.2"N 2°92'82.6"W, 54 m), 22.XII.2022–27.XII.2022, reared (Fig. 2A), Akhrif leg.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif, Central Plateau: Atlantic coast (Vitte, 1991).
General distribution. Afrotropical: Cape Verde Islands, ?Senegal. Palaearctic: Algeria, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, China (NE Tibet), Czech Republic, Egypt, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary (Zatwarnicki, 2018), Morocco (Vitte, 1991), Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Senegal, Türkiye (Zatwarnicki, 2018).
Genus Scoliocephalus Becker, 1903
Scoliocephalus pallidisetis Becker, 1903
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Oued Tassikeste (35°23'64.9"N 5°13'90.0"W, 240 m), 5.I.2013, Belqat leg., sweep net.
General distribution. Afrotropical: United Arab Emirates. Palaearctic: Canary Islands, Egypt, Libya (El-Hawagry et al., 2018), Morocco (New record), Spain (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Habitat. The first Moroccan record of the genus is from the riverbank of Oued Tassikeste. This is a temporary tributary of Oued Laou, which hosts remarkably diverse vegetation. Trees and shrubs in the area include Pistacia lentiscus, Rubus ulmifolius, Olea europaea, and Nerium oleander. The species Mentha villosa and Pteridium aquilinum enhance the ecosystem with their varied presence and adaptation to local conditions. Additionally, Cannabis sativa is cultivated intensively in the area.
Genus Psilopa Fallén, 1823
Psilopa compta (Meigen, 1830)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♀, Aïn Sidi Brahim Ben Arrif (35°20'41.5"N 5°32'53.5"W, 882 m), 27.V.2019, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988). Rif (New record).
General distribution. Afrotropical: Belgium, Gambia, Kenya, Senegal. Palaearctic: Afghanistan, Algeria, Austria, Botswana, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Mallorca, Malta, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sweden (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Psilopa nilotica (Becker, 1903)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♂, Ruisselet El Anassar (35°00'78.8"N 4°57'41.9"W, 1183 m), 24.V.2013, Belqat leg., sweep net.
Table 1. Ephydridae species found during the present survey (in alphabetical order) and their known distribution in North African countries. ´***: new species for North Africa; ´**: new species for Morocco; ´*: new species for Moroccan geographical regions. New records are marked with bold set text.
|
Species |
Morocco |
Algeria |
Tunisia |
Libya |
Egypt |
|
Allotrichoma laterale (Loew, 1860) |
´* |
|
|
|
´ |
|
Allotrichoma simplex (Loew, 1861) |
´ |
|
|
|
|
|
Actocetor indicus (Wiedemann, 1824) |
´ |
|
|
|
´ |
|
Athyroglossa glabra (Meigen, 1830) |
´ |
|
|
|
|
|
Athyroglossa nudiuscula Loew, 1860 |
´ |
|
|
|
|
|
Diasemocera biskrae (Becker, 1907) |
´ |
´ |
|
|
|
|
Diasemocera leucostoma (Meigen, 1830) |
´* |
|
|
|
|
|
Diasemocera nana (Loew, 1860) |
´ |
´ |
|
´ |
|
|
Discocerina obscurella (Fallén, 1813) |
´* |
|
|
|
|
|
Ephydra flavipes (Macquart, 1843) |
´* |
´ |
´ |
´ |
´ |
|
Ephydra riparia Fallén, 1813 |
´** |
|
´ |
|
|
|
Gymnoclasiopa aulisioi (Canzoneri, 1976) |
´*** |
|
|
|
|
|
Gymnoclasiopa flavoantennata (Strobl, 1900) |
´*** |
|
|
|
|
|
Haloscatella dichaeta (Loew, 1860) |
´* |
´ |
´ |
|
´ |
|
Hyadina guttata (Fallén, 1813) |
´* |
|
|
|
´ |
|
Hydrellia argyrogenis Becker, 1896 |
´* |
|
´ |
|
|
|
Hydrellia fascitibia (von Roser, 1840) |
´*** |
|
|
|
|
|
Hydrellia griseola (Fallén, 1813) |
´* |
´ |
´ |
|
´ |
|
Hydrellia maura Meigen, 1838 |
´* |
´ |
|
|
´ |
|
Hydrellia subalbiceps Collin, 1966 |
´ |
´ |
´ |
|
|
|
Limnellia quadrata (Fallén, 1813) |
´* |
´ |
|
|
|
|
Mosillus subsultans (Fabricius, 1794) |
´ |
|
|
|
´ |
|
Nostima picta (Fallén, 1813) |
´* |
|
|
|
´ |
|
Notiphila cogani Canzoneri & Meneghini, 1979 |
´ |
´ |
´ |
|
|
|
Notiphila riparia Meigen, 1830 |
´* |
|
|
|
|
|
Ochthera schembrii Rondani, 1847 |
´ |
´ |
|
|
´ |
|
Philotelma rossii (Canzoneri & Meneghini, 1979) |
´*** |
|
|
|
|
|
Psilopa compta (Meigen, 1830) |
´* |
´ |
|
|
|
|
Psilopa nilotica (Becker, 1903) |
´* |
´ |
´ |
|
´ |
|
Psilopa nitidula (Fallén, 1813) |
´ |
´ |
|
|
´ |
|
Psilopa obscuripes Loew, 1860 |
´ |
|
|
|
|
|
Scatella (Scatella) lacustris (Meigen, 1830) |
´* |
|
´ |
|
´ |
|
Scatella (Scatella) lutosa (Haliday, 1833) |
´* |
´ |
´ |
|
´ |
|
Scatella (Scatella) obsoleta Loew, 1861 |
´ |
|
|
|
|
|
Scatella (Scatella) paludum (Meigen, 1830) |
´* |
´ |
|
|
|
|
Scatella (Scatella) stagnalis (Fallén, 1813) |
´* |
´ |
|
|
´ |
|
Scatella (Neoscatella) subguttata (Meigen, 1830) |
´* |
|
´ |
|
´ |
|
Scatophila caviceps (Stenhammar, 1844) |
´* |
|
|
|
|
|
Scatophila despecta (Haliday, 1839) |
´* |
´ |
|
|
|
|
Scatophila farinae Becker, 1903 |
´* |
´ |
|
|
´ |
|
Scatophila mesogramma (Loew, 1862) |
´*** |
|
|
|
|
|
Scatophila quadriguttata (Meigen, 1830) |
´*** |
|
|
|
|
|
Scatophila unicornis Czerny, 1900 |
´* |
|
|
|
|
|
Scatophila signata (Loew, 1860) |
´*** |
|
|
|
|
|
Scoliocephalus pallidisetis Becker, 1903 |
´** |
|
|
´ |
´ |
Table 2. Ephydridae species found during the present survey (in alphabetical order) and their known biogeographical distributions. New records are marked with bold set text.
|
Species |
Afrotropical |
Australasian |
|
Nearctic |
Neotropical |
Oriental |
Palaearctic |
|
Allotrichoma laterale (Loew, 1860) |
|
´ |
´ |
||||
|
Allotrichoma simplex (Loew, 1861) |
|
´ |
´ |
||||
|
Actocetor indicus (Wiedemann, 1824) |
´ |
|
´ |
´ |
|||
|
Athyroglossa glabra (Meigen, 1830) |
|
´ |
´ |
||||
|
Athyroglossa nudiuscula Loew, 1860 |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Diasemocera biskrae (Becker, 1907) |
´ |
|
´ |
||||
|
Diasemocera leucostoma (Meigen, 1830) |
|
´ |
´ |
||||
|
Diasemocera nana (Loew, 1860) |
´ |
|
´ |
||||
|
Discocerina obscurella (Fallén, 1813) |
´ |
|
´ |
´ |
´ |
||
|
Ephydra flavipes (Macquart, 1843) |
´ |
|
´ |
||||
|
Ephydra riparia Fallén, 1813 |
|
´ |
´ |
||||
|
Gymnoclasiopa aulisioi (Canzoneri, 1976) |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Gymnoclasiopa flavoantennata (Strobl, 1900) |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Haloscatella dichaeta (Loew, 1860) |
´ |
|
´ |
||||
|
Hyadina guttata (Fallén, 1813) |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Hydrellia argyrogenis Becker, 1896 |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Hydrellia fascitibia (von Roser, 1840) |
|
´ |
´ |
||||
|
Hydrellia griseola (Fallén, 1813) |
´ |
´ |
|
´ |
´ |
´ |
´ |
|
Hydrellia maura Meigen, 1838 |
´ |
|
´ |
||||
|
Hydrellia subalbiceps Collin, 1966 |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Limnellia quadrata (Fallén, 1813) |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Mosillus subsultans (Fabricius, 1794) |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Nostima picta (Fallén, 1813) |
|
´ |
´ |
´ |
|||
|
Notiphila cogani Canzoneri & Meneghini, 1979 |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Notiphila riparia Meigen, 1830 |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Ochthera schembrii Rondani, 1847 |
´ |
|
´ |
||||
|
Philotelma rossi (Canzoneri & Meneghini, 1979) |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Psilopa compta (Meigen, 1830) |
´ |
|
´ |
||||
|
Psilopa nilotica (Becker, 1903) |
´ |
|
´ |
||||
|
Psilopa nitidula (Fallén, 1813) |
´ |
|
´ |
||||
|
Psilopa obscuripes Loew, 1860 |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Scatella (Scatella) lacustris (Meigen, 1830) |
´ |
|
´ |
´ |
|||
|
Scatella (Scatella) lutosa (Haliday, 1833) |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Scatella (Scatella) obsoleta Loew, 1861 |
|
´ |
´ |
||||
|
Scatella (Scatella) paludum (Meigen, 1830) |
´ |
|
´ |
´ |
|||
|
Scatella (Scatella) stagnalis (Fallén, 1813) |
´ |
´ |
|
´ |
´ |
´ |
|
|
Scatella (Neoscatella) subguttata (Meigen, 1830) |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Scatophila caviceps (Stenhammar, 1844) |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Scatophila despecta (Haliday, 1839) |
|
´ |
´ |
||||
|
Scatophila farinae Becker, 1903 |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Scatophila mesogramma (Loew, 1862) |
|
´ |
´ |
||||
|
Scatophila quadriguttata (Meigen, 1830) |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Scatophila unicornis Czerny, 1900 |
|
´ |
´ |
||||
|
Scatophila signata (Loew, 1860) |
|
´ |
|||||
|
Scoliocephalus pallidisetis Becker, 1903 |
´ |
|
´ |
Distribution in Morocco. Anti Atlas: Ziz River (10 km S of Errachidia, 1008 m), 1 km N of Tarda (Errachidia, 1023 m), Merzouga (714 m), 2 km N Erfoud (818 m) (Ebejer et al., 2019). Rif (New record).
General distribution. Afrotropical: Ethiopia, Oman, Sudan, United Arab Emirates. Palaearctic: Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Italy (El-Hawagry et al., 2018), Morocco (Ebejer et al., 2019), Saudi Arabia, Tunisia (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Psilopa nitidula (Fallén, 1813)
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 1♀, Ruisselet El Anassar (35°00'78.8"N 4°57'41.9"W, 1183 m), 24.V.2013; 1♂, Douar Azaghar (35°14'27.8"N 0 5°75'93.0"W, 998 m), 13.V.2022, Belqat leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif: Tanger (Becker & Stein 1913; Zatwarnicki, 1991). Tétouan (Zatwarnicki, 1991). Middle Atlas: lakes (Vitte, 1988), Ifrane (Vitte, 1991; Zatwarnicki, 1991). High Atlas: Toubkal (Séguy, 1941a).
General distribution. Afrotropical: Botswana, Gambia, Kenya. Palaearctic: Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, “Caucasus”, China (NE Tibet), Cyprus, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (European Territory), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, former Yugoslavia, Ukraine (El-Hawagry et al., 2018).
Psilopa obscuripes Loew, 1860
Material examined. Morocco, Rif: 2♂♂ 3♀♀, Ruisselet El Anassar (35°00'78.8"N 4°57'41.9"W, 1183 m), 24.V.2013, Belqat leg., sweep net; 1♀, Oued Lkbir (34°54'47.9"N 5°83'17.0"W, 684 m), 22.V.2021, Akhrif leg., sweep net.
Distribution in Morocco. Rif: Oued Azla (near bridge, 80 m). Central Plateau: Larache (5 m), Lower Loukous saltmarsh (2 m). Middle Atlas: Khénifra (28 km S of Timahdit, 2100 m). (Ebejer et al., 2019).
General distribution. Palaearctic: Austria, Bulgaria, Canada (Quebec), Canary Islands, France, Germany, Greece, Jordan, Madeira Islands, Morocco, Spain, Türkiye, United States (Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1995).
DISCUSSION
This paper is a contribution relating specifically to the Shore fly fauna of Morocco. A total of 45 species of Ephydridae were collected and identified, for which we provide all new data. Seven species, Gymnoclasiopa aulisioi (Canzoneri, 1976), Gymnoclasiopa flavoantennata (Strobl, 1900), Hydrellia fascitibia (von Roser, 1840), Philotelma rossii (Canzoneri & Meneghini, 1979), Scatophila mesogramma (Loew, 1862), Scatophila quadriguttata (Meigen, 1830) and Scatophila signata (Loew, 1860) are new records for North Africa and Morocco. One genus, Scoliocephalus Becker, 1903 and two species, Ephydra riparia Fallén, 1813 and Scoliocephalus pallidisetis Becker, 1903 are new records for Morocco. 20 species are new for the Rif mountains, 2 for the Middle Atlas, 1 species for the Central Plateau, 6 species for the High Atlas and 1 species for the Anti Atlas. Before the present work, the Moroccan fauna of the Ephydridae comprised 117 species in 43 genera Kettani et al. (2022). Our findings increased this to 126 species in 44 genera. The world fauna of the shore flies to date consists of 2000 species, the Ephydrids fauna of Morocco, includes 6,1% of the world’s species. The Moroccan fauna is mostly Palaearctic in origin, as exemplified by the 45 species recorded in this study (Table 2). A considerable number of species have a much wider distribution with 16 species present in the Afrotropical regions and 16 others species in the Nearctic regions. Three regions exhibit limited distributions of our studied species with only 3 species reported in the Oriental regions: Actocetor indicus (Wiedemann, 1824), Hydrellia griseola (Fallén, 1813), and Scatella (Scatella) stagnalis (Fallén, 1813); 3 species in the Neotropical regions: Discocerina obscurella (Fallén, 1813), Hydrellia griseola (Fallén, 1813) and Nostima picta (Fallén, 1813); and 2 species in Australian/Oceanian regions: Hydrellia griseola (Fallén, 1813) and Scatella (Scatella) stagnalis (Fallén, 1813).
From a general perspective, Scatella (Scatella) stagnalis (Fallén, 1813) has a broad global distribution, being reported in the Afrotropical, Australasian/Oceanian, Nearctic, Oriental, and Palaearctic regions, covering a total of 57 countries. It is followed by Discocerina obscurella (Fallén, 1813) which was recorded in 49 countries with reports from the Afrotropical, Nearctic, Neotropical and Palaearctic regions. Hydrellia griseola (Fallén, 1813) has been reported across all continental regions except Antarctica, with a total of 47 countries. In North Africa, Gymnoclasiopa flavoantennata (Strobl, 1900) represents a new species for this region, with its first record outside Europe. This species, and Notiphila cogani Canzoneri & Meneghini, 1979, appear to have a more restricted distribution compared to other ones since both were only reported to date in three countries. Similarly, Hydrellia subalbiceps Collin, 1966 was recorded in only four countries, two of which are in North Africa. More than 45 species have been reported from North African countries but have not yet been recorded in Morocco. These include Athyroglossa africana (Wirth, 1955), Psilopa nana Loew, 1860, and Risa longirostris Becker, 1907, among others. Some of these species are widely distributed, such as Chlorichaeta tuberculosa Becker, 1922, Oedenops isis Becker, 1903 and Paralimna bicolor (Macquart, 1851). Many of these species are expected to occur in Morocco and may be discovered in future studies. Despite the geographical cover of our sampling, our study did not reveal any endemic species but allowed the collection of Philotelma rossii (Canzoneri & Meneghini, 1979), a species known to be rare. Indeed, we only came across two specimens across the 64 surveyed stations, marking its first record in North Africa. This is in agreement with the data of the literature which attests to a very limited distribution (reported in only six Palaearctic countries) with a low number of specimens. Morocco exhibits significant diversity in Ephydridae species. Our study revealed that Limnellia quadrata (Fallén, 1813) is the most widespread and common species in Morocco, due to its broad distribution and high abundance. It is followed by Scatella (Scatella) lacustris (Meigen, 1830) and Allotrichoma laterale (Loew, 1860).
In terms of habitats, the Moroccan Ephydridae fauna mainly occupy wetland areas. We documented a wide presence of species in various types of aquatic habitats, primarily rivers, springs, lakes, wells, streams, waterfalls, and beaches. Less frequently, some species were observed in forests, villages, and gardens, always near flowing or stagnant water. These observations are consistent with the habitats frequented by these species outside Morocco.
AUTHOR′S CONTRIBUTION
The authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: The late Paul Beuk had a significant role in conducting this research, but he passed away before the publication of the article. We honor his memory and his valuable role in this work and are very saddened by his death; R. Akhrif: Collected specimens in the field, performed taxonomic identifications, wrote and revised the manuscript; B. Belqat: Contributed to the writing of the manuscript, the collecting of some material, the reviewing and editing the manuscript, supervised the work; K. Aattouch, K. Bouzrarf and M. Beni-Eich: collected specimens in the field. The authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
FUNDING
This research received no specific grant from any funding agencies.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL
The specimens listed in this study are deposited in the collection of Diptera of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essadi University, Tétouan, and in the collection of the Maastricht Natural History Museum, Maastricht, the Netherlands, and are available from the curator, upon request.
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE
This study only included plants and arthropod material, and all required ethical guidelines for the treatment and use of animals were strictly adhered to in accordance with international, national, and institutional regulations. No human participants were involved in any studies conducted by the authors for this article.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank Jens-Hermann Stuke for his assistance with the identification of several Ephydridae species. We also express our sincere gratitude to the reviewers for their valuable comments and constructive suggestions, which have significantly improved the quality of this manuscript.
