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Volume 1, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Abstract
considering the benefits of "sense of place for the individual and society, the growth of the aging process in Iran, the importance of their presence in urban spaces as social equity and the impact of the environment on the level of performance and their sense of place, it is important to consider environmental preferences of this population group. The aim of this research is to improve the relationship between the place and elderly and identifying the effective factors on the formation of sense of place in them. This study is in the context of qualitative methodology and content analysis. The data has been collected using a semi-structured in-depth interview technique and the sample size was determined by the theoretical saturation of the participants.
The research case is Tehran Railway Square; This square is one of the key gates of the Iranian capital. The collected data is encoded in 19 identifiers, 5 concepts and 3 categories. Categories including communicating with people, space efficiency, and space identity. Major concepts include the space-user community, space management, space facilities, space coherence, and space history. The results of this study also indicated that the view of the elderly is not limited to the form of the space, the space-users also affect their sense of place. Thus, the proposed model of this research can be a guide for urban designers and planners to have a positive effect on the sense of place of this population group according to the extracted identities.
Volume 1, Issue 4 (2-2021)
Abstract
Like other people with disabilities are entitled to the comfort of roads, streets, offices and banks in this regard with the problem and hinder traffic and do not. Failure to comply with appropriate legislation and remove architectural barriers at the level of problems for people with disabilities, veterans, people with disabilities, the elderly and .... Buildup. The purpose of this study was to create flexible urban streets and in accordance with the wishes and needs of the disabled. Cochran method is used. And randomly assigned 384 people with disabilities and 164 officials were evaluated. To collect data, a questionnaire was used. And data analysis, was done with SPSS software. The findings showed that in Region 2 and 10 of Tehran has been partially consistent with the standards. And if the implementation rules and regulations tailored to the needs of the disabled community, the movement of other people will improve. In the current situation for lower share of the disabled population of the total population in the census; Lack of sufficient financial resources of municipalities, And a lack of understanding of the necessity of implementing rules and regulations tailored to the needs of the disabled community by the relevant authorities is the most important reasons the lack of compliance passages tailored to the needs of persons with disabilities.
Volume 1, Issue 4 (2-2021)
Abstract
This study introduces "Feng Shui and its effect on architecture and urban planning (urban planning and design). Feng Shui is an ancient Chinese science that aims to create harmony between man, environment and building (city and its body). Many developed countries are trying to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between man and his environment, and in recent years many architects and urban planners have sought to base this multi-thousand-year-old theory that many East Asian countries base on The method of work in this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research, first the existing theories about feng shui will be examined quantitatively, then the qualitative method in the presentation samples. The above information will be analyzed and Feng Shui will be introduced. While recognizing the theoretical approaches of Feng Shui and especially the school of form, it has been concluded that due to the complexity and principles of this theory, the teachings of Feng Shui theory can be The pattern of architecture and urban planning is effective and produces a new approach.
Volume 1, Issue 4 (2-2021)
Abstract
Urban spaces have been best place for public arts such as Tazieh science old ages. People can be gathered in urban spaces for sighting and social interactions. Iranian Traditional urban spaces have been had special characteristics such as pedestrian-orientation and physical proportion that Iranian and Islamic public arts have been done in its spaces. But these qualities were threatened by modern buildings, traffic and spaces that affected tradition urban space. The aim of this research is study relation between Iranian and Islamic public arts and physical and social dimensions of urban spaces. Tazieh is one of the most important types of Iranian and Islamic public arts that are done in urban spaces. These dramas need central public space which peoples can be gathered around and tazieh is done in center of place. Other ceremonies such as local games and competitions, religious ceremonies also need human conditions, physical proportion. Order of Tabriz historic bazaar in social and cultural, economic and physical Dimensions can be extended to explain the features of the identification and analysis, planning and decision-making will be used. Hojreh system based on Hojreh spatial and physical Tabriz, Iranian-Islamic culture; Tabriz cold climate, politics, growing gradually over time and tailored to the needs of his time and in harmony with its surrounding context etc.
Volume 1, Issue 4 (2-2021)
Abstract
Aims: The events and consequences of the last few years in the fields of city, society, housing, human beings and creating a cybernetic atmosphere and adapting them to the future literary works of researchers indicate their success in making correct predictions and Useful for solving urban problems in achieving the utopia and distance from dystopya.
Methods: The present article, with a comparative method and humanistic approach against the monocular technology giant, selects and extracts useful reference information from certain book and film works, which are two popular and guiding topics in the society's thought, and mentions the experienced problems and solutions with making them available to urban designers.
Findings: The development and emergence of an information-based society among digital citizens is an uncertain future for the nature of human existence in the 21 century. Currently, one of the most important concerns of design theorists is the separation of the human role from yesterday's experiences, which has led to his alienation and to human beings of a traditional nature.
Conclusion: Existing comparative studies show that the ultimate aspirations of technology lovers in achieving the desired utopia have not only been unsuccessful, but by eliminating humanistic options that have original and existential components, have formed a city in which humans are isolated and dominated by machines.
Volume 1, Issue 4 (2-2021)
Abstract
Traditional architecture were both more efficient and obviated in contrast with the modern architecture for the citizenry who lives in the old neighbourhood because of their design, social structure and other factors. On the other hand, the environment, life style, social concept, establish citizenry belonging to the special neighbourhood, Having belonging to the special place or environment gives citizenry calmness and it will begin during their staying and will get deeper by the time. So, the aim of this research is consendring the effects of belonging in the Dezfoul's old neighbourhoods base on physical and social dimensions(case study: Qaleh and Rudband neighbourhood) . The research method is descriptive, fundamental research and applied type,first of all, manager's opinions about the effects of belonging were collected during an interview. The factors which have effects on the belonging were recognized and coded base on QDA software, in the following, by using of PLS software and factor analysis method, the similarity of belonging were check base on the information were collected from Two old neighbourhood. Finally, the question was rejected base on the reuths show that effects of factors (natural and physical factors, organization, mental and social factors) are different in citizenries belonging in these two neighbourhood.
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
The extend and complexity of urban issues and the increasing growth and development of cities have made managing city affairs a difficult task. To find the answer to this question, after studying the theorical texts and a brief overview at the research related to the subjects of urban management in combined and multi_stage analysis, in the first stage from of the collection of urban managers, people and professionals, a semi_structured interview was conducted. Due to fundamental nature of the Granheim content analysis method, the data were analyzed using the content analysis approach by the Granheim and Landman method. Then in the second stage, using a questionnaire, the themes discovered from the first part of the study were prioritzed by experienced experts in the field of urban planning and urban management, based on security factor and with the help of Friedman test in SPSS software. The results of the research show that the most important and fundamental challenges in the field of urban management in the metropolis of Ahvaz from the perspective of experts are related to laws, structure and professional ethics
Volume 3, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Abstract
Aims: Nowadays, with the advancement of life and more use of computers, musculoskeletal pains and disorders in computer users have also increased. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the status of musculoskeletal pains and disorders of computer users in health care providers working in comprehensive health centers of Sirjan.
Instruments & Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 110 health care providers working in comprehensive health centersof Sirjan were selected through simple random sampling. In order to evaluate musculoskeletal discomfort and pains, a Nordic questionnaire was used and a body map was used to determine the location of pain. Data analysis was performed, using SPSS software.
Findings: According to the findings, the highest pain and discomfort inneck was observed in 46.4% and, then, the pain in the shoulder region was 12.7%. In the lower limb, the most pain was reported in the waist with 18.2% and the least pain was reported in left wrist, both elbows and ankle.
Conclusion: Musculoskeletal discomforts are clearly seen in computer users; more discomforts and pains are observed in the upper body, especially in the neck and shoulders, and in most cases, this pain does not come from a particular illness or discomfort. Further studies are suggested to determine the status and non-ergonomic points of work in these individuals.
Instruments & Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 110 health care providers working in comprehensive health centers
Findings: According to the findings, the highest pain and discomfort in
Conclusion: Musculoskeletal discomforts are clearly seen in computer users; more discomforts and pains are observed in the upper body, especially in the neck and shoulders, and in most cases, this pain does not come from a particular illness or discomfort. Further studies are suggested to determine the status and non-ergonomic points of work in these individuals.
Volume 4, Issue 1 (7-2019)
Abstract
Aims: One of unhealthy behaviours that can be leading to musculoskeletal pain and discomfort in students is keeping inappropriate posture of the vertebra column, posture of sitting on bench or behind computer, and also improper carrying of backpacks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the status of musculoskeletal pains and disorders of female students in the schools of izeh ,Ahvaze , Iran.
Method and Instruments : In this descriptive-analytical study, 146 female students from two schools at this city were selected through simple random sampling. In order to evaluate musculoskeletal discomforts and pains, a Nordic Musculiskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used and a also body map was used to determine the location of pain. Data analysis was performed, using SPSS software.
Findings: totally, 146 female students were examined. According the results, the majority of the students felt pain in their back ( 27.40%) and shoulder (26.03%) respectively. However, least rate of feeling torment was related with elbow (5.48%).
Conclusion: Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD) are clearly seen in female students . This study recommended doing more studies regarding the causes of these disorders . Furthermore, designing appropriate clinical/ educational intervention regarding keeping right posture of vertebra column is garanteed.
Method and Instruments : In this descriptive-analytical study, 146 female students from two schools at this city were selected through simple random sampling. In order to evaluate musculoskeletal discomforts and pains, a Nordic Musculiskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used and a also body map was used to determine the location of pain. Data analysis was performed, using SPSS software.
Findings: totally, 146 female students were examined. According the results, the majority of the students felt pain in their back ( 27.40%) and shoulder (26.03%) respectively. However, least rate of feeling torment was related with elbow (5.48%).
Conclusion: Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD) are clearly seen in female students . This study recommended doing more studies regarding the causes of these disorders . Furthermore, designing appropriate clinical/ educational intervention regarding keeping right posture of vertebra column is garanteed.
Dirk Hr Spennemann,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Volume 4, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Abstract
The paper presents a compilation of the documented occurrence of the date stone beetle Coccotrypes dactyliperda across the globe. The data presented here have been compiled based on an exhaustive search of academic journal databases, collections presented in research portals and digitised holdings of national libraries. A visualisation of the global distribution shows that the presence of Coccotrypes dactyliperda is circumscribed by climatic factors.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (12-2022)
Abstract
Elections are the most effective and practical tool and means for exercising the thoughts and beliefs of the people and recognizing social options and priorities in democratic societies, during which the voting and participation of the elected candidates and the voters play an essential role. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, a favorable circumstance and profitable condition has been provided for public freedom and a widespread and great political participation of citizens, groups and parties in order to determine the political destiny and fate through elections. Elections are mentioned a fundamental mechanism for gathering and recognizing social choices and preferences, hence its rule and legitimacy is determined by the people. The method which used in this research is a descriptive- analytic according to the nature and aims of the subject and also in accordance with the testing of hypotheses and data collection. The statistical population is the households living in Islamabad and Dalahou districts with a population above 176864 people and 51177 households. The research findings show that there is a significant relationship between the sense of socio-economic status and the use of candidates' advertising techniques; In other words, the more suitable the socio- economic situation of the candidates, the higher the techniques will be in terms of quantity and quality
Volume 4, Issue 4 (2-2024)
Abstract
Problem: With the development of urbanization and the need to pay attention to environmental aspects, industrial areas within the city have been abandoned and destroyed. Pars Electric factory in Rasht city has become a place for garbage and drug addicts to accumulate during nearly two decades of closure and has created dangers for the area.
Target : The purpose of the article is to examine the components of vitality in order to revive the post-industrial arena of this collection.
Method: In this regard, information has been collected by using library-documentary methods, questionnaires and interviews. Vitality components based on theoretical literature were extracted and randomly distributed among 312 people in the form of a questionnaire, and the results were subjected to second-order confirmatory factor analysis in Smart PLS.
Findings : Safety and security with a path coefficient of 0.878 shows the strong and direct impact of this factor on increasing the vitality of Pars Electric Factory in Rasht. The factors of sense of place, legibility, climatic comfort, social justice and sensory richness express 55, 48, 44, 42 and 36 percent of the changes in increasing the dynamism and vitality of the post-industrial landscape of Pars Electric respectively.
Result: Definition of areas, monitoring and control, proper lighting, establishment of 24-hour activities, creation of interactive spaces are among the proposed measures with high priority to strengthen the two factors of safety and security and sense of place in order to improve the vitality of the said site.
Volume 4, Issue 4 (2-2019)
Abstract
Aim: Musculoskeletal pain refers to pain in the muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between factors affecting musculoskeletal pain and demographic variables of nursing and midwifery students. studying
in Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)
Method and Instrument: The method of this cross-sectional study was descriptive– correlational through which 120 nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of medical sciences aged between 18-22 years were studied. The sample was selected by simple random sampling and standard Nordic pain questionnaire was used to measure the prevalence of pain. To test the hypotheses, in addition to descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, chi-square test was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-25 software. Findings: Totally, 120 nursing and midwifery students including 55.8% of nursing students (N=67) and 44.2% midwifery students (N=53) were studied. The results showed that nursing students more than midwifery students were suffering from at least one more musculoskeletal pain. This study showed that there is statistically significant difference
between nursing and midwifery students in terms of foot pain (P <0.01) that means the rate of foot pain in nursing students was higher than midwifery students.
Conclusion: Findings from this study showed that there was a relationship between demographic variables, field of study and musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, nursing students might suffer from more musculoskeletal pain.
in Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)
Method and Instrument: The method of this cross-sectional study was descriptive– correlational through which 120 nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of medical sciences aged between 18-22 years were studied. The sample was selected by simple random sampling and standard Nordic pain questionnaire was used to measure the prevalence of pain. To test the hypotheses, in addition to descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, chi-square test was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-25 software. Findings: Totally, 120 nursing and midwifery students including 55.8% of nursing students (N=67) and 44.2% midwifery students (N=53) were studied. The results showed that nursing students more than midwifery students were suffering from at least one more musculoskeletal pain. This study showed that there is statistically significant difference
between nursing and midwifery students in terms of foot pain (P <0.01) that means the rate of foot pain in nursing students was higher than midwifery students.
Conclusion: Findings from this study showed that there was a relationship between demographic variables, field of study and musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, nursing students might suffer from more musculoskeletal pain.
Volume 4, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
Peace ecology is a new emergent scientific concept which is formed due to the scientific discourses on environmental security and environmental peacemaking, and it is philosophically seeks peace with the environment which is challenged and threatened by human interventions. This concept has attracted scholars' attention and regarding environmental threats in local, national and regional levels it is necessary to be considered in Iran. So, this article using descriptive-analytic method and based on library data gathering procedure tries to explain peace ecology, conceptually. Also, it tries to provide some suggestions to peace-building and peacemaking in some regions such as the Middle East and Caspian Sea based on peace ecology indicators. The research findings show that regarding the urgency of environmental threats, these threats can provide some opportunities for peace-building and peacemaking.
Volume 5, Issue 1 (5-2024)
Abstract
The Arbaeen pilgrimage, a remarkable display of cultural-religious beliefs intertwined with time and space, embodies the essence of human faith in action. This research delves into the aesthetic aspects of this momentous journey, exploring its positive and negative components and proposing solutions for enhancement and rectification. Assessing aesthetic perception and judgment is a complex endeavor that necessitates empirical studies, conceptualizing, and evaluating human emotions. Measuring emotional concepts extends beyond the artistic realm, encompassing design, environment, nature, and even cognitive frameworks.
This study aims to evaluate the aesthetic emotions of pilgrims during the Arbaeen pilgrimage, addressing objectives such as the factors influencing aesthetic emotions, the impact of the environment on aesthetic emotions during Arbaeen, the effect of emotions on individual satisfaction, and providing recommendations for environmental improvement and enhanced pilgrim aesthetic experiences.
Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study utilizes both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Data was gathered through a specialized questionnaire based on the Neuroscience Aesthetics Scale, interviews, and field observations conducted by the researchers during the Arbaeen pilgrimage. The target population comprised 200 participants in the Arbaeen pilgrimage in 1401 AH (2022 CE), including 100 men and 100 women aged 20 to 50 years. The questionnaire data was analyzed using SPSS software, and the interviews were reviewed. Based on the comprehensive data, appropriate solutions were proposed to improve the conditions and enhance the environmental quality.
The target population consisted of 200 participants in the Arbaeen pilgrimage in 1401 AH (2022 CE), including 100 men and 100 women aged 20 to 50 years. The questionnaire data was analyzed using SPSS software, and the interviews were reviewed. Finally, based on all the collected data, appropriate solutions were proposed to improve the conditions and increase the environmental quality. The results indicated that the aesthetic experiences of the pilgrims were influenced by three main factors: management, infrastructure, and cultural-religious aspects. These factors can be further classified into 15 sub-components. The findings of this study suggest that by improving the three areas of management, infrastructure, and cultural-religious aspects, the quality of the aesthetic experience of the pilgrims in the Arbaeen pilgrimage can be enhanced. This can be achieved through various measures, including cultural training, improved infrastructure, appropriate planning, coordination between organizations, the use of technology, monitoring, and evaluation.
Volume 5, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
AIm: Chronic pain is defined as pain beyond normal tissue lasting for 12 weeks or more. It contributes to disability, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, poor quality of life, and healthcare costs. Although, the treatment choice for chronic pain maybe included recommendations for rest and inactivity, exercise may have specific benefits in reducing the severity of chronic pain, as well as more general benefits associated with improved overall physical and mental health, and physical functioning. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the relationship between exercise doing and musculoskeletal pain.
Methods and Instruments: This descriptive study was conducted among academic people working in Tarbiat Modares University from Jan to Apr 2020. The volunteer subjects were entered into this study after being informed about the aim and procedure of the study and signing the consent form. In this study, the relationship between doing exercise and musculoskeletal pain was investigated.
A researcher –made questionnaire based on the objectives of the study as well as a demographic characteristics questionnaire were used to collect data. In the objective based questionnaire, the participants were asked about their exercise doing and musculoskeletal pain. The response options to the questions were as Yes or No. Finally, the data were entered into SPSS version 26 software and statistically analyzed using descriptive analysis as frequency/percent and analytical analysis as chi-square test.
Findings: Totally 93 participants with mean age of 36.15±11.42 years old including students (41.9%), employees (54.7%) and professor (3.5%) were participated in the study. Furthermore, 41.4% of the participants were men and 58.6% were women. According the results, there was a significant relationship between exercise and reduction of musculoskeletal pain (p<0.0001) Mann Whitney’s test showed that there was a significant relationship between gender and exercise activity (P value= <.001), which was higher in men than women.
Conclusion: This study showed that the participants who did exercise they were less suffering from musculoskeletal pain.
Methods and Instruments: This descriptive study was conducted among academic people working in Tarbiat Modares University from Jan to Apr 2020. The volunteer subjects were entered into this study after being informed about the aim and procedure of the study and signing the consent form. In this study, the relationship between doing exercise and musculoskeletal pain was investigated.
A researcher –made questionnaire based on the objectives of the study as well as a demographic characteristics questionnaire were used to collect data. In the objective based questionnaire, the participants were asked about their exercise doing and musculoskeletal pain. The response options to the questions were as Yes or No. Finally, the data were entered into SPSS version 26 software and statistically analyzed using descriptive analysis as frequency/percent and analytical analysis as chi-square test.
Findings: Totally 93 participants with mean age of 36.15±11.42 years old including students (41.9%), employees (54.7%) and professor (3.5%) were participated in the study. Furthermore, 41.4% of the participants were men and 58.6% were women. According the results, there was a significant relationship between exercise and reduction of musculoskeletal pain (p<0.0001) Mann Whitney’s test showed that there was a significant relationship between gender and exercise activity (P value= <.001), which was higher in men than women.
Conclusion: This study showed that the participants who did exercise they were less suffering from musculoskeletal pain.
Volume 5, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Aim: Pain in addicts is a physiological and psychological variable that can affect Quality of Life (QOL). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between pain perception and (QOL) in addicts.
Method and Instrument: This study has a descriptive – correlational method. In this cross-sectional study 100 addicts who were referred to addiction treatment centers and aged between 20 and 55 years old were studied. The sample was selected by purposive sampling method. They completed the WHO-QOL scale and McGill pain questionnaire. To test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation & multiple regression tests were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-22.
Findings: The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between pain and QOL in addicts. According to the results of this study, 18.1% of the variance in QOL variables were explained by pain.
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that addicts who percept more severe pain percept lower QOL. Therefore, it is possible to predict the QOL of addicts through their pain severity perception.
Method and Instrument: This study has a descriptive – correlational method. In this cross-sectional study 100 addicts who were referred to addiction treatment centers and aged between 20 and 55 years old were studied. The sample was selected by purposive sampling method. They completed the WHO-QOL scale and McGill pain questionnaire. To test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation & multiple regression tests were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-22.
Findings: The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between pain and QOL in addicts. According to the results of this study, 18.1% of the variance in QOL variables were explained by pain.
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that addicts who percept more severe pain percept lower QOL. Therefore, it is possible to predict the QOL of addicts through their pain severity perception.
Volume 5, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
AIM: Musculoskeletal pain, the most common cause of disability globally, is most frequently managed in primary care. People with musculoskeletal pain in different body regions may have similar demographic characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between educational level and reducing musculoskeletal pain.
Method and Instruments: This cross sectional study was conducted among academic people working in Tarbiat Modares University from Apr to August 2020. The volunteer subjects were entered into this study after being informed about the aim and procedure of the study and signing the consent form. A researcher – made questionnaire based on the objectives of the study as well as a demographic characteristics questionnaire were used to collect data. In the objective based questionnaire, the participants were asked about their exercise doing and musculoskeletal pain. Data were entered into SPSS version 26 software and analyzed using descriptive/ analytical test.
Findings: Totally 93 participants with mean age of 36.15±11.42 years old were participated in the study. Of all participants, . Furthermore, 51 participants (54.8%) were male and 42 participants (45.2%) were female. Mann Whitney’s test showed that there was a significant relationship between gender and exercise activity (P value =<.001), which was higher in men than women. However, there was no significant relationship between musculoskeletal pain and educational level. (P = 0.401).
Conclusion: This study showed that the muscloskeletal pain were in similar severity in different level of education. However, doing further researches with larger sample size is recommended.
Method and Instruments: This cross sectional study was conducted among academic people working in Tarbiat Modares University from Apr to August 2020. The volunteer subjects were entered into this study after being informed about the aim and procedure of the study and signing the consent form. A researcher – made questionnaire based on the objectives of the study as well as a demographic characteristics questionnaire were used to collect data. In the objective based questionnaire, the participants were asked about their exercise doing and musculoskeletal pain. Data were entered into SPSS version 26 software and analyzed using descriptive/ analytical test.
Findings: Totally 93 participants with mean age of 36.15±11.42 years old were participated in the study. Of all participants, . Furthermore, 51 participants (54.8%) were male and 42 participants (45.2%) were female. Mann Whitney’s test showed that there was a significant relationship between gender and exercise activity (P value =<.001), which was higher in men than women. However, there was no significant relationship between musculoskeletal pain and educational level. (P = 0.401).
Conclusion: This study showed that the muscloskeletal pain were in similar severity in different level of education. However, doing further researches with larger sample size is recommended.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Abstract
Aim: Chronic pain may be related to a set of biological-psychological-social factors.The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships betweendepression, pain self-efficacy ,physical disability andchronic pain.
Method and Instruments: This study hada descriptive – correlational method. In this study 100 patient with chronic pain who were referred to pain clinics in Tehran (2018) were studied.The sample was selected by purposive sampling method. The participants completed the physical disability questionnaire, pain self-efficacy questionnaire, Beck depression inventory and pain history questionnaire. To test the hypotheses,Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-25.
Findings: Depression, pain self-efficacy and physical disability inpatient with chronic pain were assessed. According to the results of this study, 9.6% of the variance in chronic pain in patient with chronic painwere explained by depression, pain self-efficacy and physical disability.
Conclusion:To conclude, it seems that chronic pain is affected by some psychological and physiological factors as depression and self-efficacy and physical disabilities.
Method and Instruments: This study hada descriptive – correlational method. In this study 100 patient with chronic pain who were referred to pain clinics in Tehran (2018) were studied.The sample was selected by purposive sampling method. The participants completed the physical disability questionnaire, pain self-efficacy questionnaire, Beck depression inventory and pain history questionnaire. To test the hypotheses,Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-25.
Findings: Depression, pain self-efficacy and physical disability inpatient with chronic pain were assessed. According to the results of this study, 9.6% of the variance in chronic pain in patient with chronic painwere explained by depression, pain self-efficacy and physical disability.
Conclusion:To conclude, it seems that chronic pain is affected by some psychological and physiological factors as depression and self-efficacy and physical disabilities.
Volume 5, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
Introduction
Cities, as the most complex man-made structures, face a wide range of risks, both due to a wide range of hazards and due to their multiple vulnerabilities. Urban vulnerabilities are felt everywhere, from infrastructure and buildings to telecommunications, transportation and energy lines, and it should be kept in mind that reducing vulnerabilities on the scale of a city is not simply reinforcing buildings and single buildings. The disasters that have happened in recent years show that societies and individuals have become more and more vulnerable, and the risks and hazards have also increased. Risk is a combination of danger and vulnerability. However, reducing risk and vulnerability is often ignored until after accidents occur. Based on the predictions made, by 2030, about 6 billion people out of the 8.1 billion population of the planet will live in cities, and about two-thirds of them will live in metropolises.
Methodology
The current research is applied and is descriptive-analytic in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of this research consists of experts and professors according to the subject, 30 people among them have been selected as the sample size using the personal estimation method. It was done in the 8th region by using some models (Topsis, Shannon Entropy) and finally GIS software was used to draw the maps. Statistical sources and documents were prepared for this purpose, and required maps were collected from related organizations and departments. In general, maps: 1. Map of municipal areas 2. Periodic development 3. Earthquake lines 4. Rivers, etc. were used in the analysis of this article. It should be noted that many of the maps were incomplete, and the authors completed and edited them. After editing the required maps, a new output was obtained, which was considered the final urban development map of Kermanshah metropolis.
This article is trying to explain and use the integration of physical, social and natural components by using quantitative models and also considering the necessary indexing (fundamental studies). Also, solutions that can be implemented (operational methods) have been considered. In this article, purposes such as providing the zoning of vulnerability and the risk map for facilitating the identification of the critical regions of the Kermanshah metropolis, etc., according to the data and results of this research and determining the favorite directions for the physical-spatial development of the Kermanshah metropolis in the future with consideration of the earthquake risk zone and compliance with Passive defense considerations are followed. The results of the research and the favorite directions for the physical-spatial development of Kermanshah metropolis in the future, taking into account the earthquake risk zone, are followed. This process is displayed in the TOPSIS model by using the opinions of the respondents and the physical and spatial development of the city. According to the principles of Passive defense and research objectives, the research method has become operational. The article is practical in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its application. To conduct this research, 4 economic, social, physical and natural components were chosen, along with their indicators.
Discussion and results
The process of periodical development can be defined as the physical expansion of settlements (both urban and rural) that are registered in approved urban development plans or managed under the political-administrative rule of a specific organization, such as the municipality, at different historical periods. Also, from the digitization of aerial and satellite images, etc., by identifying the trends and mentioning the time of physical expansion, their authority depends on the continuous growth (interlacing or joining) of each period of time in a circular or sectional manner to the period before it (none from special exceptions, such as municipal management of a specific town in its immediate territory). Considering the map of the physical development of the metropolis of Kermanshah, it can be acknowledged in the historical ages that the periodic development process of Kermanshah was intertwined with the urban defense system, and in a way, the physical growth of Kermanshah was also a product of the defense factor. Also, the cause of the imposed war and the migration of provincial war veterans, etc., have been among the factors in this unbridled growth. This unbridled population pressure is so evident that the informal settlements and the injection of residential settlements outside the pre-planned development plans have broken the scope of the plan, and these factors, together with economic poverty and a lack of strict monitoring, have made many of the topics of meaningful Vulnerability according to the 45 components and indicators to such an extent that a meaningful relationship between the socio-economic base, like many of Iran's cities have a physical-spatial structure, gave the City a shape in the form of a socio-economic base. The socio-economic base, special neighborhoods and areas were chosen for settlement and the horizontal and scattered development of the City due to these separations spread beyond the original borders (before 1330) and areas 7 and 5 are near and along the mountain. Taq Bostan, and regions 8 and 4 in the heights and Mahor hills of Koh Sefid and regions 3, 2, 6 and 1 in the Kermanshah plain and parallel to the river continued to expand. Undoubtedly, this process of physical development and growth is inevitable in opposition to the scattered fault lines on the surface. The City is located, and it should be considered and paid attention by city managers by creating multipurpose uses and increasing open and green spaces per capita, preventing desertification, emphasizing strengthening, etc., the balanced and horizontal growth of the City in development plans. In the present article, with basic studies and theoretical foundations related to the subject and the study area, the required database in the ArcGIS software environment was formed, and then the vulnerability of the areas was assessed according to the conditions of the study area. Finally, the vulnerability of Kermanshah metropolis according to the principles of Passive defense and quantitative and qualitative criteria using ArcGIS software and the TOPSIS model in the form of a vulnerable zone map and the periodic development of the City and City development directions based on the location of Passive defense.
Conclusions
Cities are moving towards becoming networked and systemic, and the systemic approach is manifested in the system of cities, which contains all the localities and regions of the urban system. Therefore, we should not forget that threats are a living and serious element that has always existed in all human activities and man-made infrastructures. What is taken from the article as results is certain: this is that the distinction between the base and the socio-economic position in the analysis of urban vulnerability has shown its real expression in the more vulnerable zones 5, 7 and 6 and the zones 8, 4, 1, 2 and 3 with less vulnerability, which have emerged from the heart of the metropolis of Kermanshah. Because informal settlements, hieratical, inefficient and worn-out urban neighborhoods are generally located in areas with high Vulnerability (except for the historical context of the City on the border of zones 8, 4, 3 and 2), skeletal, resistant, open-space buildings, etc. are located in areas with less vulnerability. In conclusion, what is evident is that the circular growth and development of the City until 1330 and after that, the linear growth of the City from Sarab Taq Bostan in the northern side to Sarab Qanbar in the southern side was dominant until 1350, and the City, from this date until now, has spread all over and the physical growth of the City has dominated on the western and eastern sides of the City by the construction of industrial towns and the creation of residential areas in these sides with the aim of development programs and helping development and construction. The aspects of physical-spatial development will face problems practically in some regions. This requires concentration and attention to the various faults in the north and south of the city, along with the Qarasu river, which apply principles and considerations of Passive defense in urban development, increasing per capita green uses, relief, etc., using resistant materials, preventing desertification, and creating new multipurpose uses.