Since the national symbol is the most important urban element in terms of nationality, analyzing the influence of time on this symbol seems necessary. Less attention has been paid to the concept of time in the initial comments regarding urban issues. However, it was considered a serious matter after passing of time and observing its influence on urban and identity issues. The current study mainly aims to study the influence of time in the formation of the complex of national monuments, the direct and indirect influence of the time dimension on qualitative indicators of space and its influence on the appearance and semantic dimension of the national symbol and its immediate field. Thus, after reviewing the theoretical basics, many case studies of the world have been reviewed due to the lack of sufficient information and specialist investigations. Only nine case studies have been randomly selected and addressed in the present study. These studies are in line with theoretical basics and the thinkers’ ideas and they led to the final output. The descriptive-analytical method was used to gather the information and the outputs were analyzed by the survey method and Delphi tool for validation. The results show that the influence of time on the appearance dimension generally includes structural and apparent changes, erosion, deterioration, and ruin and the influence of time on the semantic dimension mostly includes semantic, identity, and revolutionary changes. In the qualitative indicators of the national symbol and its immediate field, the time dimension indirectly influences on some of indicators such as diversity, readability, permeability, visual richness, and vitality. In some indicators such as permeability and visual richness, the influence of time is associated with the appearance and in some indicators such as diversity, readability, and vitality, it is associated with appearance and semantic dimension. It is also influential in the quality of sustainability and efficiency in time dimension. Since there are two types of the national monuments in general, the influence of time dimension on them is different. Time triggers memory, meaning, layer structure and accessibility in the monuments built in the passing of time but it triggers patterns of receiving feature and lessons about designing such as observing flexibility and designing a timed and dramatic place in space.
 

Problem: More knowledge about the aspects affecting outdoor thermal comfort can help urban designers to enhance the experience of urban places. explaining human responses to thermal stimuli requires more detailed knowledge about the factors and processes affecting thermal comfort. In this regard, beside the impact of objective factors, it is necessary to consider the effect of mental processes. In the last two decades, many researches have been focused on the psychological aspects of thermal comfort. The diversity of influencing psychological factors and the breadth of case study data requires comprehensive reviews to make theoretical inferences and transform them into more structured conceptualizations. On the other hand, review of studies on psychological aspects of outdoor thermal comfort shows a weak link with the basic theories of environmental psychology in the relevant field.
Target: The goal of this study was to comprehensively review research findings in the field of psychological aspects of thermal comfort influenced by the experience of urban places, and to create a link between the evidences about psychological influences on outdoor thermal comfort and theoretical concepts of environmental psychology.
Method: The proposed conceptual framework guides and organizes this review. studies were searched based on keywords extracted from theoretical bases, and 28 articles were reviewed in detail. The extracted research outputs were divided based on thematic categorization of the conceptual model, including long-term experience, short-term experience, restorative environments, and momentary person-thermal environment interaction.
Result: Review of studies demonstrates the effect of cognitive factors resulting from long-term experience (association between thermal conditions and spatial characteristics in memory, preferences and attitudes toward thermal experience in urban spaces, and sense of places for the person), short-term experience (short term thermal history, short-term affects and mental fatigue), restorative environments (physical and functional restorative properties, and personal connection to place) and situational interaction between person and thermal environment (congruence with needs/goals and expectations, and coping potential) on outdoor thermal comfort.

Aims: Nowadays, the prevalence of Low Back Pain (LBP) is a growing problem. The prevalence of LBP in Iran is almost as high as in other countries of the world. There are no accurate data on prevalence of LBP in Iran. Thus, the aim of this research was to estimate the prevalence of LBP and risk factors in Iran during a systematic way.
Method and Instruments: Totally, 17 studies of internal databases including Iran Doc, Magiran, SID, Iran Medex, Medlib and external databases including Scopus, Pubmed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, Medline through using keywords like “Iran”, “LBP”, “children,” Adolescents, “Associated Factors”, “Prevalence” were obtained.
Findings: The prevalence and risk factors of LBP in children and adolescents were obtained from 15 articles with a sample size of 24,175. The lowest and highest prevalence of LBP in children and adolescents were 50% and 7.4%, respectively.
Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of LBP in children and adolescents and the numerous demographic, personal, physical, familial and psychological risk factors, the LBP prevent planning for this age group to prevent and promote health is strongly recommended. LBP has a special place in the community’s health education, owing to its’ prevalence andits impact on health of people during youth and adulthood period.

Introduction: Soil water repellency was first reported in the first half of the 20^th century for peat soils. Depending on the severity of water repellency, a water repellent soil will resist water penetration during seconds to hours or even days. This has detrimental effects on surface and subsurface flow processes such as increased runoff, erosion, and preferential flow. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of Soil water repellency on hydrological and erosion processes in order to identify gaps in the existing investigations.
Conclusion: Major survey gaps remained, including the dissociation of the symptoms of water repellency on soil erosion such as the existence of a soil crust and little knowledge of the temporal patterns of water repellency and their hydrological outcomes. Understanding the mechanisms of water repellency is relevant to the separation of different causal chains as well as the adjust runoff coefficients in different water repellency areas. Soil water repellency can be caused by a variety of compounds and processes and generally occurs after a period of drying weather. Under such conditions, the soil can change from a wettable to a water-repellent state when dried below its critical soil water content. Soil water repellency is found to occur in different soils worldwide, ranging from coarse to fine-textured. Water repellency in soils can result in losses of plant-available water, reduced agricultural crop production, and deterioration of turf quality on sports fields.

Aim: Patient safety is one of the most important parameters of quality health care. The role of health care workers in providing safe care is essential, and their positive attitudes towards this issue will positively affect patient safety. This review aimed to investigate the attitudes of health care workers towards patient safety in Iran.
Method and Materials: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) guideline was used to conduct the present review. Data resources including SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, ISC, Web of science, and Google Scholar were chosen to conduct the literature search both in Persian and English without any time limit until the end of January 2021. Inclusion criteria included all English or Persian language studies in which the Safety Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ) was used to assess the attitude of Iranian health care workers towards patient safety.
Findings: In the primary search, 342 studies were obtained, finally 11 of which were reviewed. Among these, 10 studies had cross-sectional designs, and one study was a quasi-experimental research. Overall, 2162 health care workers were analyzed. The results of the present study showed that most health care workers in Iran had unfavorable attitudes towards patient safety. 
Conclusion: As upgrading health care workers’ attitudes seems necessary to improve patients’ safety, it is recommended that health organizations provide regular patients’ safety training, both at employment time and during service to the health care workers who are in direct and indirect contact with patients.

Aim: Musculoskeletal disorders are among the chronic diseases and are the main cause of long-term  physical disability. Osteoarthritis is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders and a devastating  disease and is the fourth leading cause of disability in the world that causes severe pain, decreased 
function, decreased social interaction and ultimately quality of life in patients. There is no definitive cure  for osteoarthritis of the knee, because the changes caused by this complication are irreversible, but the clinical symptoms can be reduced and tissue damage can be delayed. Non-pharmacological therapies  such as physiotherapy and exercise therapy, if positive, can play an important role in treating this disease preventing the unpleasant complications of the disease.  Among the treatments for osteoarthritis, exercise therapy and knee protection behaviors seem to be one of the most effective, inexpensive and without side effects. 
Conclusion: Given the increasing prevalence of osteoarthritis in women and their susceptibility to many diseases and other problems caused by not performing knee protection behaviors in women with osteoarthritis, communities should make this health problem as a priority to be solved.  In this review the prevalence, complication, risk factors and pain management of knee osteoarthritis have been discussed.

Aims: This systematic review was performed to find the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions for outcomes such as pain, physical function, and cost-effectiveness in Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) patients.
Methods: Articles published in peer-reviewed journals till February 2019, were used through searches of three electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science). Keywords including mindfulness, mindfulness-based intervention, mindfulness meditation and CLBP were used in search strategy. At last, a total of 8 articles were included in the final analysis.
Findings: All included studied studies were high qualified by which physical function was being measured as their outcome. The Short-Form Health Survey was the most frequently used measure of physical function in the studies. Anxiety and depression were as secondary outcomes in four of eight studies. The Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) method was the main intervention that was used in the studies. Most of the studies utilized at least six sessions and 2 hours (30 minutes for each session) weekly. Sessions were managed by experienced person in MBSR field. Five out of eight studies approved MBSR fop pain improvement compared to usual cares.
Conclusion: This study supported the strategy of applying non-pharmacological therapies for CLBP which are effective in managing pain among adults. However doing more researches to evaluate the persistent long effects of this therapy and its cost-effectiveness in comparison to medications is strongly recommended.