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The aim of this study is to investigate the fundamentals of Wittgenstein's theory of language games and its role in overcoming false preconceptions and biases. This qualitative research utilized a conceptual analysis and inductive method to review the related literature. In the findings section, by examining the theoretical foundations of Wittgenstein's linguistic games, we first critique the shortcomings of early philosophy such as the absoluteness of affairs, a purely analytical approach and ostensive definition, and then, the characteristics of language such as sociality, variability and discussion of its use and instrumental role were mentioned. Also, while expressing the mission of Wittgenstein's philosophy, the position and cause of the centrality of language in his philosophy was revealed and finally, due to the new perspectives on the theory of language games, and based on it, as well as Wittgenstein's way of working in later philosophy, a set of strategies was proposed to overcome biases. Overcoming the sense of essentialism, perspicuous representation, self-imposed exile, experiencing different occupations and professions, emphasis on differences, and eventually designing appropriate questions are among these strategies. As a result, it can be acknowledged that many false beliefs and preconceptions are passed on through language to future generations, and therefore many issues have survived throughout history. Therefore, incorrect concepts and ideas should be identified in the language and their repetition should be avoided by removing them.
 

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One of the outstanding language features in free Nima's poems is his characteristic and distinctive syntax. Nima named this linguistic characteristic as "morphological and syntactic combinations". Examining Nima's syntactic combinations shows that these combinations have functions in Nima's poetry, and one of these functions is its role in creating the music of the poem. Since the syntactic combinations releted to adjectives have a high frequency in Nima's poetry , this article after explaining the types of syntactic combinations of Nima in adjectives; such as the expansion of the adjective, putting a distance between the adjective and the adjective, the use of the adjective as a substitute for the adjective, etc., it expresses its function in creating the music of Nima's poetry and concludes that through his syntactic combinations, especially about the adjective, Nima tried to make the natural music that the words It matches the feeling and theme of the poem.

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Climate change (CC) is one of the major challenges of our time that impacts rangelands regionally and globally. The rising vulnerability among pastoralists highlights the need to prioritize resilience thinking. Pastoralists' resilience refers to the ability of rangeland businesses to endure, adapt to, and remain flexible in the face of threats or challenges. This research was conducted with the primary goal of analyzing the factors that influence resilience from the perspective of pastoralists in Tehran province under CC conditions. This research was both goal-oriented and exploratory in methodology. The study sample consisted of 317 pastoralists selected through stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Software SmartPLS was used for data analysis. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed using the average variance extracted, while its reliability was established by calculating composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique with Smart PLS software. The structural equation modeling indicated that economic, institutional, ecological, physical, social, educational and extensional and individual factors had the greatest impact on Pastoralists' Resilience under Climate Change (PRCC) conditions. These factors explained 75.5% of the PRCC conditions.
 

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Children's poetry is a suitable and effective platform for moral and social development and increasing their mental and cognitive abilities. In this respect and due to the importance of the content of children's literary works in the education system, it is necessary to understand children's poetry from different angles. People's culture is a wide collection of elements related to the material and spiritual life of the people of a land, which preservation and transmission to the children's audience and strengthening its place in the thoughts of composers of this field is the reason for the influence and creative productivity of this rich culture. Among them, material traditions are people's daily issues such as tools, food, clothing and vehicles. The present essay examines the reflection of these material traditions in Shaaban Nejad's epic poems. review method; Analytical-descriptive based on library sources. The results show; Shaaban Nejad's poetry as a main source in research; It has a clear and conscious link with people's culture. By using the material examples of people's culture, he connects the past and the present together, with the help of narration, rhythm and song, wide range of vocabulary, imagery and literary works, he displays his ancient roots for the child of the modern world and flourishes and The stability of children's and adolescent literature in Persian language.

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Spilomena bobyjosei Girish Kumar & Amal sp. nov., a new species of aphid wasp in the genus Spilomena Shuckard, 1838, is described from the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala, India. This genus is rarely collected from the Indian subcontinent, and most species are described from a single specimen. The genus can be distinguished from closely related genera in having occipital carina absent, hind wing media not diverging before Cu-a, fore wing with marginal cell elongate (longer than stigma), one recurrent vein and two discoidal cells present, stigma large and pronotal collar with complete transverse carina. To date, ten species have been described from India. This paper adds an eleventh species. The differential diagnosis with its nearest species is provided. Additionally, a key to the Indian species of Spilomena is provided.

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Flood spreading stations were constructed in Iran with different objectives such as groundwater recharge and vegetation recovery. Accumulation of sediment can be a major problem in flood spreading stations. According to generally accepted theories, floods and salt pollution can reduce gradually the infiltration rate. In order to investigate this issue, 13 flood spreading stations were selected across the country and infiltration rate changes were monitored over five years in the flood spreading areas. Non-parametric tests were used to analyze the abnormally distributed data. Based on the soil properties of the spreading stations, stations were first classified into three groups separately by cluster analysis; next, studies were conducted in three separate groups. Results in stations group 1 showed that, in the first year, the infiltration rate among spreading lines was not significantly different, but data for the second year showed a significant difference at α = 0.05. For stations group 2, in the third year, the difference in the infiltration rate was significant at α = 0.05. In addition, changes in the infiltration rate were significant at α = 0.05 in stations groups 1 and 2 in the second spreading line. For stations group 3, significant changes among lines have been detected. Results also showed that changes in the infiltration rate in different years were somewhat different among the three groups of stations. Although infiltration rate changes were low, there was a general decreasing trend.

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Fungi associated with ascocarps of Terfezia claveryi, Tirmania nivea, T. pinoyi, Picoa lefebvrei and P. juniperi in Iran showed a wide range of genera and species in 94 samples collected during 2005–2009 from different regions including Fars, Systan and Baluchestan, Kerman, East Azarbaijan, Khuzestan, Kermanshah and Hormozgan provinces. Thirty two species belonging to 21 genera were recovered from ascocarps of truffles on two culture media. Penicillium chrysogenum, P. citrinum, P. griseofulvum, P. brevicompactum, P. crustosum, P. oxalicum, Aspergillus carbonarius, A. niger, A. flavus and A. terreus were the most common fungal species isolated on glucose–Czapek agar medium. The number of fungal species recovered on 20% NaCl–Czapek agar were less (4 genera and 10 species). The most abundant fungal genera belonged to Penicillium and Aspergillus. Also, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Scopulariopsis halophilica could grow on Czapek agar medium amended with 20 % NaCl. Other fungal species were not able to grow on this medium.

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Aims: Evaluation of Patient Satisfaction (PS) is one of the most essential factors in improving the quality of healthcare systems. The aim of this study is to determine the norms and to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Najmiyeh Outpatients Satisfaction Questionnaire (NOSQ). Methods and Materials: This study has been conducted on 240 outpatients in Najmiyeh subspecialty hospital (Tehran-Iran) in 2011. They were selected using the proportional simple random sampling method. Following the confirmation of the content validity, we considered the construct validity and reliability applying Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Cronbach's Alpha. Also, SPSS and AMOS version 18 were used for data analysis. Findings: The sample population consisted of 240 subjects, including 132 females (55.1%) and 108 males (44.9%). The EFA reported three important factors in this regard, with a variance of 54% and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index of 0.82, all approved by the CFA (RMSEA= 0.04, CFI= 0.96). The outpatients' satisfaction factors were: “hospital information system, treatment and conditions”. The reliability of the questionnaire was reported at %71 based on the Cronbach's alpha. Conclusions: Both validity and the reliability indexes of the NOSQ have been reported at a desirable level; therefore it can be used as a valid and reliable instrument to measure the outpatients' satisfaction.

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The adsorption of polymeric systems onto reservoir rock through altering the wettability of rock surface improves oil recovery and reduces the unwanted water production. . In this study, the adsorption behavior of dilute polymeric systems based on sulfonated polyacrylamide  on the glass particles surfaces (representative of sandstone reservoirs) was investigated and the effect of this phenomenon on changing their surface properties was examined. Results show that crosslinked polymeric samples have lower adsorption on glassy surface comparing with uncrosslinked sulfonated polyacrylamide solution. Furthermore, the contact angle tests results showed that crosslinked samples change the surface property of glass particle less than sulfonated polyacrylamide solution. In addition the Langmuir isotherm model fitted the isotherm data better than the Freundlich model for these dilute polymeric systems. Furthermore, study of the thermodynamic of adsorption showed that their adsorption behavior on glassy surfaces is a spontaneous and exothermic process. 

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The genus Phaeoacremonium is associated with decline disease of woody plants and with human infections. Members of this genus have broad host range and wide geographical distribution. During 2010, ten isolates of Phaeoacremonium were recovered from vascular tissues of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) trees, showing decline symptoms in Shiraz city. Anamorphic characteristics such as, conidiophore morphology, phialide type and shape, size of hyphal warts, conidial size and shape were investigated. Based on morphological characteristics the presence of Pm. rubrigenum in Iran was documented. To confirm morphological identification, DNA was extracted from isolates using a genomic DNA purification Kit. Region of internal transcribed spacers 1, 2 and 5.8S genes of rDNA were amplified using ITS4 and ITS1 universal primer set. Fragments of 630 bp were recovered from PCR, purified, sequenced, edited and deposited in GenBank. Pm. rubrigenum isolates had an average of 99 % identity with all P. rubrigenum sequences compared. This species is a new report from Iran.  

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Recently the previous Caspian ecosystem is in a catastrophic condition which caused changes in the absolute and relative abundance of the commercially important Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) in Iranian waters. The paper presents estimates of yield-per-recruit and spawning biomass-per-recruit under various harvest strategies of F_max, F_0.1, F_30%. It proposes a method for estimating acceptable biological catch (ABC) that accounts for large differences in the quality and quantity of information and available data. The current average Y/R (with F=0.61/y, and t_c=3.2 y) was 218.3 g per recruit, which indicates that the fishery is operating below the maximum Y/R at 236.9 g when t_c = 3.5 y. The Y/R was the highest at F_max and F_0.1, when t_c = 4 y (244.8 g and 214.2 g), respectively. The F_30% value was 0.85/y at t_c of 4 y with the SB/R of 338.3 g. The F_current (0.61/y at current t_c is 3.2 y) is higher than the corresponding reference points, F_0.1 (0.47/y) and F_30% (0.46/y). The ABC of kutum was estimated at 7,850 mt in 2009-2010.

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Aim: Patients' satisfaction (PS) is a dominant concept in medical care, due to the gap in the literature on Persian version of PS instruments, this study has conducted with aim to analyze the validity and reliability of self-designed Najmiyeh Inpatient Satisfaction Questionnaire (NISQ). Methods: This study was carried out on 247 inpatients that came in Najmiyeh subspecialty hospital in Tehran (the capital city of Iran) during year 2011 who were selected by proportional stratified sampling method. Statistical analysis used: In this study, after checking content validity we used confirmatory and explanatory factor analysis and Cronbach's Alpha in order to examine construct validity and reliability, respectively. SPSS (version18) and AMOS (version 20) programmer were used to analyze data. Findings: Samples consisted of 247 subjects (222 women (90%) and 25 men (10%)). The explanatory factor analysis showed 5 factors with 64% total variance and 0.91 Kaser-Meyer-Olkin Index, the result also confirmed with confirmatory factor analysis (PNFI=0.71, RMR=0.03, PCFI=0.76). Extracted factors consisted of: “satisfaction from nursing services and their behaviour”, “satisfaction from one’s doctor”, “satisfaction from inpatient department”, “companions’ satisfaction”, “satisfaction from one’s room”. Also the questionnaire’s reliability was 0.96 using the Cronbach's Alpha method. Conclusions: Because validity and reliability indexes of NISQ were reported in suitable range, we can confirm that this questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for measuring inpatient satisfaction.

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Dispersion type of layered clay plated in aqueous media creates different structures and affects the final properties of its suspension. On the other hand, the presence of different electrolytes in some industrial applications affects the stability of clay suspensions. Considering the application of clay nanoparticles in various industries and the importance of this subject, in this research, the effect of preparation method, nanoparticle concentration, type and ionic strength of electrolytic medium and time elapsed on the stability behavior of laponite nanoparticles suspensions were studied. The results showed that preparing of the suspensions indirectly, results in more stable samples. It was observed that with increasing of sodium chloride concentration, the repulsion between the clay plates decreased and the phase separation and instability of the suspensions increased at higher NaCl concentrations. Furthermore, it was seen that in all electrolyte media, gel-like structure develop with increasing of nanoparticle concentration. In presence of bi-valance CaCl2 salt, most of suspensions were unstable and have two phases and increasing of this salt concentration had not significant effect on their stability. In electrolyte media containing mono- and bi- valance salts (studied in this research), concentration of calcium cation determines the type of stability behavior of laponite nanoparticles suspensions.

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A specimen of an ascomycetous fungus collected during a field trip was identified as Gymnoascus Baran. Soil samples collected from 0-20 cm depth were studied for isolation of fungi using a soil dilution plate method. Based on the morphological and molecular characters the specimens were identified as Gymnoascus reesii. Genomic DNA was extracted and a nuclear rDNA region, containing the internal transcribed spacers 1, 2 and 5.8S gene of rDNA (ITS) were amplified and PCR products were sequenced. Amplicon was purified, sequenced and submitted to the GenBank (Acc. No. JQ387570-71). The resulting sequence (600 bp) was submitted to a BLAST search to find most similar sequences in GenBank. The search results showed highest similarity of Iranian isolates to other isolates of G. reesii from GenBank. In the light of literature on ascomycetous fungi, Gymnoascus Baran is a new record for Iran mycoflora. The specimens are kept in fungal collection of the Department of Plant Protection, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

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This study aimed to investigate the impact transformational leadership on knowledge workers' organizational behavior citizenship in Iran’s National Oil Company. The research method was descriptive-correlative. 97 experts working at staff Units of Iran’s oil Company were selected, using census method. In order to collect data, two questionnaires were used.1- Bass and Avalio’s transformational leadership questionnaire (a=. /78), 2- Podsakoff’s OCB questionnaire (a=. /89). To analyze data, Pearson’s correlation and structural equation model were used. The finding showed that there was a positive relationship between organizational behavior citizenship with transformational leadership and its components: Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individualized Consideration. The findings also showed that there was a positive relationship between all components of transformational leadership (i.e., Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individualized Consideration) and components of organizational citizenship behavior (i.e., conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship and altruism). The finding structural equation model showed that transformational leadership impact on organizational behavior citizenship in Iran’s National Oil Company. key word: transformational leadership , organizational behavior citizenship, Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, Individualized Consideration, Iran’s National Oil Company key word: transformational leadership , organizational behavior citizenship, Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, Individualized Consideration, Iran’s National Oil Company key word: transformational leadership , organizational behavior citizenship, Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, Individualized Consideration, Iran’s National Oil Company

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A time-domain approach is presented to calculate electromagnetic fields inside a large Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) simulator. This type of EMP simulator is used for studying the effect of electromagnetic pulses on electrical apparatus in various structures such as vehicles, a reoplanes, etc. The simulator consists of three planar transmission lines. To solve the problem, we first model the metallic structure of the simulator as a grid of conducting wires. The numerical solution of the governing electric field integral equation is then obtained using the method of moments in time domain. To demonstrate the accuracy of the model, we consider a typical EMP simulator. The comparison of our results with those obtained experimentally in the literature validates the model introduced in this paper.

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  Background: The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) varies tremendously in different parts of the world. This study reviews the percentage and molecular diagnosis of Hepatitis C in the persons from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan that visited to a particular laboratory.   Methods : The method includes the diagnostic procedure steps by Real Time PCR. A Total numbers of 1050 Persons were screened during four months i.e. January-April, 2014. The collected data was evaluated for prevalence rate, age wise prevalence, gender wise prevalence and comparison of RT-PCR and ICT. Results : Overall percentage was 64.85 which is an overestimation of a true prevalence because of the specific sampling method applied to current study. Middle age persons were more affected. The percentage was higher in male (56.9) as compared to female (43.02). The RT-PCR diagnostic test was found to be more sensitive for the detection of HCV comparative to ICT. Conclusion : It is recommended that government should establish such laboratories equipped with RT-PCR for timely and accurate detection of HCV. Moreover, awareness programs are required to decrease the burden of HCV in the Pakistani population.

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Background: Members of the Malassezia genus are often lipophilic, observed as budding yeasts and found as commensals in the skin of humans. This genus opportunistically reside in several areas including scalp where under the influence of particular predisposing factors, their proliferation is increased (e.g., high activation of sebaceous glands), and leads to dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis, which together affects >50% of human beings. The proliferation of yeasts in scalp creates health and hair hygiene problems. In this study we determined the type and frequency of Malassezia species in scalp dandruff in order to have epidemiologic and therapeutic understanding. Materials and Methods: Differentiation tests were done for scalp samples, including: morphology, Tween 20, 40 and 80 assimilation tests, hydrolysis of bile-esculin, catalase and growth on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide (SCC) and sediment production on mDixon agar medium. Results: Frequency of various Malassezia species from 140 scalp samples from volunteers of both gender were found as: M. globosa (46.5%), followed by M. furfur (27.0%), M. restricta (12.7%), M. sympodialis (6.5%) and M. slooffiae (0.8%). Conclusion: In view of high prevalence ofM. globosa, its invasive characteristics and the role of predisposing factors in the more proliferation of this species in scalp should be considered.

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Methyl Tert-butyl Ether(MTBE) has been used as a booster in gasoline octane numbers in many countries, but after a short time due to the high absorption in water and the possibility of entry into groundwater, its use in developed countries is prohibited. In this work, for the first time, to reduce the adverse environmental effects, MTBE was encapsulated, and release control was considered. For this purpose, the inverse mini-emulsion polymerization of monomer methylmethacrylate(MMA) was performed in the presence of MTBE and in the cyclohexane medium by oil/water/oil. Poly methyl methacrylate/MTBE nanocapsules were synthesized in 0.5, 1, 2 ratios of MTBE to methyl methacrylate (R = MTBE / MMA).
The effect of changing R values ​​on conversion polymerization, on encapsulation efficiency of MTBE and on the morphology of capsules was investigated. For this purpose, TGA and TEM were used. Changing the R ratio from 0.5 to 2 allowed the capsule to be controlled in the range of 50-500 nm. The start of the MTBE degradation range of 130 ° C increased to 250 ° C due to the presence of the MTBE inside the capsule, and it was possible to start controlling the release of the nucleus by heating and starting at a temperature of 250 ° C. By addition of 1.5% of the capsules to the gasoline, the octane number increased by 5 units.
According to the results inverse mini-emulsion polymerization is a suitable method for encapsulating and reducing the environmental effects of MTBE by limiting its contact with the environment.