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Landowski, the social semiotician, focuses on the subject of discourse and discourse,and thus introduces the concepts of presence,perception, and emotion in semiotics.The fact that enunciation is more important than enunciation provides the basis for phenomenological semiotics.The important problem of the authors of this research is that since in "adaptation"system,we see unity between subjects and "other" or that aspect of "otherness"is not only a passive object but also plays the role of a subject with dynamic interaction.It explores how the semantic process takes shape,and whether it can be argued that the relationship between the subjects is consistent with Landowski's theory of "adaptation."According to the research problem,the authors hypothesize that the perception of meaning is different according to the specific interactions between subjects in social contexts,so the perception of meaning cannot be separate from the context and field of rhetoric,but it is a function of the interaction between subjects in different discourse contexts.The present study has examined the signs of meanings in the ode "Layali al-Manfa"by Mohi-al-Din Fares.The findings indicate that the semantic system governing the discourse of the ode's "negative night"is of the adaptation system.In fact,the interactive and adaptive relationship of the sign system in this poem is such that the meanings of exile,civil war,occupiers are not predetermined and one-sided,but these meanings can be obtained only if the issue of simultaneous presence and interaction of the subject and another to be raised.At the same time,enunciator has used the Apollonian and Dionysian systems, respectively,to make the phenomenon of colonialism and nostalgia unfavorable.
 

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In cognitive semantics, a polysemous word constitutes a semantic concept, and the various meanings of that word assign themselves to radial network members of that concept. Accordingly, this study investigates the polysemy of the prefix "/pas-/" based on a cognitive semantic approach. The nature of this qualitative research is descriptive-analytical, and data have been extracted from Persian-language resources, namely Dehkhoda Dictionary (1994), Moein Dictionary (2003), and Amid Dictionary (2010), using a library research method. In this study, the two criteria of Tylor and Evans (2003), namely the prototypical fixed meaning or historically evidenced meaning and salience and prominence in the semantic network, have been employed to determine the primary or prototype meaning of Persian language prefixes. The authors aim to demonstrate that the prefix "/pas-/" is a polysemous prefix with a spectrum of lexical functions. This prefix, given its usage in Persian, has different semantic clusters such as "after, before, in front, back, and behind," which have expanded from a prototype or primary meaning. The findings indicated that the prefix "/pas-/" attaches to diverse textual foundations and generates newly derived words such as "pas-farda (the day after tomorrow), pas-pariirooz (the day before yesterday), pas-andaz (savings), pas-larze (aftershock)," and the like. It is observed that the prefix "/pas-/" possesses an extensive radial network due to the combination of this prefix with various verbs.

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The efficient and systematic design of language education programs through deploying instructional strategies and techniques and with the knowledge of learners’ cognitive make-up and their environment helps develop increasingly effective and capable language learners. Effective instruction begins with effective educational design which involves a wide range of practices, the most important of which is informed and structured material development. In line with these, the present study was carried out to analyze exercises in Arabic textbooks for public junior high schools in Iran based on Nation and McAllister’s (2010) principles of format and presentation of learning materials and activities. The research employed a descriptive design using qualitative content analysis and to achieve more valid and reliable results, Shannon’s entropy for weighting codes and statistical tests of homogeneity of variance, univariate analysis, and Kruskal-Wallis were used. The population and the statistical sample of activities considered in the study were the same and included all the exercises in the selected Arabic textbooks for the 1401-1402 AH / 2022-2023 academic year. Content analysis was done following a researcher-made scheme based on the layers proposed in Nation and McAllister’s (2010) principles, i.e., meaning-oriented input, form-oriented input, meaning-oriented output, and form-oriented output.  The validity of the scheme was verified through expert opinion and its reliability was calculated using Pearson correlation. The results of the research showed that in these textbooks, there is no four-way balance in the activities and no harmony between the expected four types of activities on form, meaning, input, and output.

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Explaining the nature of metaphor and its role in language has always been a controversial topic in the fields of linguistics, philosophy of language, rhetoric, and so forth. In metaphor analysis, these fields often converge in an inseparable manner. Donald Davidson, a 20th-century philosopher, is one of the influential theorists in the Philosophy of Language and the Theory of Meaning. His views on the essence and role of metaphor in language bear significant similarities to the ideas of  al-Jurjani, a prominent 5th-century Hijri literary scholar. This research aims, through a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach, to examine the intersection points of Davidson’s and al-Jurjani’s theories, with one addressing metaphor from a philosophical and linguistic perspective and the other from a rhetorical standpoint. For this purpose, Davidson’s essay "What Metaphors Mean?" is used as the basis for reviewing his theories on metaphor. Al-Jurjani’s views are analyzed with a focus on "Dala'il al-I'jaz." This study yields results in three areas. The first, identifies similar aspects in the two theories, indicating that both theorists reject the idea of metaphor being merely a shortened simile. They also critique the notion of "metaphorical meaning," emphasizing that the meaning of a metaphor cannot be reproduced in any form other than the metaphorical one itself. The second area involves finding complementary aspects in the two theories, considering Davidson's philosophical stance and al-Jurjani's rhetorical position. The third area elaborates on the connection between al-Jurjani's direct views on metaphor and the ideas indirectly inferred from theory of Construction.

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With the increasing prevalence of online education, the significance of students’ self-regulation skills has never been more pronounced. Yet, many students struggle to develop and apply these skills (Bylieva et al., 2021). This transcendental phenomenological study investigates the self-regulation strategies employed by highly self-regulated university students in fully online learning environments. Participants were recruited online based on purposive and criterion sampling procedures. Data were collected through guided journals and semi-structured in-depth interviews, transcribed with Voxtab, and analyzed using Peoples' (2020) phenomenological framework and NVivo 10 software. The result revealed four major themes: meta-affective and affective practices, metacognitive and cognitive practices, socio-affective features, and tech-enhanced learning strategies. The study's trustworthiness was ensured through member checks, purposeful sampling, inter-rater agreement, and debriefing. The findings offer profound insights into students' experiences with online self-regulation. They present students with practical and effective online self-regulation strategies and provide educators with insights into course designs fostering self-regulation.

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Urban growth boundaries are considered one of the key tools for controlling and managing the physical development of metropolitan areas. Uncontrolled and unplanned expansion in these regions has become a major challenge for urban and regional planners and managers, as this process leads to the destruction of agricultural lands and natural resources. The aim of this research is to simulate and assess future changes in growth boundaries in the Isfahan metropolitan area with the goal of preserving environmental resources and controlling physical expansion. In this regard, by adopting a positivist approach that follows an analytical and measurement-driven process, satellite imagery was utilized to assess changes in the physical expansion of the Isfahan metropolitan area. Artificial neural networks and machine learning algorithms were employed to predict the extent of future physical growth, and the projected growth boundaries were delineated. The research findings indicate that the Isfahan metropolitan area has experienced significant uncontrolled expansion, particularly in terms of physical development, over recent decades, and the reduction of agricultural and natural lands has become one of its major challenges. Based on the conducted simulations, the proposed growth boundaries can serve as an effective tool for managing and planning urban-regional development and preventing further degradation of natural resources and lands.

 

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This research aimed to explain and validate the green curriculum’s (GC) characteristics based on the critical competencies of education for the 21st century. Hence, a mixed research method was used. In the qualitative section, being used for identifying characteristics of GC, experts who have scientific experience(s) related to sustainability in Iran's higher education system were selected using snowball sampling, data were collected and analyzed through semi-structured interviews and content analysis, respectively. The validity of the identified GC characteristics was examined quantitatively based on the Lawshe method. In this section, based on the Lawshe method, 40 faculty members and doctoral students in educational sciences were selected using simple random sampling to evaluate the characteristics’ appropriateness by a three-level scale. Based on the results, 50 characteristics were extracted from the interviews and the documents. However, two of them were not acceptable based on the Lawshe method. Moreover, results revealed that each of the five competencies defined for education in the 21st century (including learning to know, learning to be, learning to do, learning to live together, and learning to transform oneself and society) is aligned with several characteristics of the green curriculum. Finally, some of our suggestions to operationalize the mentioned competencies in the format of GC can be offered as follow; considering environmental management in academic curricula in various fields, defining practical projects for students to apply whatever they have learned, encouraging students to communicate with environmental organizations, and also global research communities to widen their horizons toward environmental issues.
 

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Various factors, such as temperature stress, dietary changes, and the entry of contaminants and infections into the hemolymph, are known to affect insect immune responses by altering hemocyte profiles. The research focused on the hemocyte profile, hemogram across all biological stages, and the morphological and frequency changes of hemocytes in third instar larvae exposed to temperature stress. Cucumber fruits infected with insect larvae were collected and brought to the laboratory, where third instar larvae were extracted from the fruit tissue. The hemolymph was then collected, and after staining with Giemsa solution, hemocytes were identified under a light microscope. The hemogram analysis included measurements of DHC, THC, blood volume, and AHC across all biological stages. In third instar larvae, plasmatocytes and granulocytes were the most abundant, comprising about 56% of the hemocyte population. In contrast, prohemocytes were most frequent in the first instar larvae, accounting for approximately 37%. THC was highest in third instar larvae, indicating a direct correlation between hemolymph volume and total hemocyte count. Temperature stress had a significant impact on hemocyte numbers. Heat stress, with temperatures up to 30 and 35 °C, led to a notable increase in total cell count, granulocytes, and plasmatocytes. Conversely, cold temperatures resulted in a decrease in prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, and the total cell count compared to the control group. Additionally, temperature stress induced hemocyte deformation, with plasmatocytes and granulocytes showing the most pronounced changes under heat stress, including torn cell walls and loss of cell contents at 35 ^○C.

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Climate change (CC) is one of the major challenges of our time that impacts rangelands regionally and globally. The rising vulnerability among pastoralists highlights the need to prioritize resilience thinking. Pastoralists' resilience refers to the ability of rangeland businesses to endure, adapt to, and remain flexible in the face of threats or challenges. This research was conducted with the primary goal of analyzing the factors that influence resilience from the perspective of pastoralists in Tehran province under CC conditions. This research was both goal-oriented and exploratory in methodology. The study sample consisted of 317 pastoralists selected through stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Software SmartPLS was used for data analysis. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed using the average variance extracted, while its reliability was established by calculating composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique with Smart PLS software. The structural equation modeling indicated that economic, institutional, ecological, physical, social, educational and extensional and individual factors had the greatest impact on Pastoralists' Resilience under Climate Change (PRCC) conditions. These factors explained 75.5% of the PRCC conditions.
 

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The increasing demand for food, especially poultry products, highlights critical challenges to food security. In this context, agricultural entrepreneurship in the poultry sub-sector plays a vital role in addressing these challenges by enhancing food supply and contributing to economic growth and development. This study specifically focuses on fostering entrepreneurship within the poultry industry in Mashhad, emphasizing its pivotal role in Iran's economy and its contribution to food security. Using an exploratory research method along with SWOT and Ordinal Priority Approach (OPA) analysis, 18 factors influencing entrepreneurship in the poultry industry were identified and weighted, leading to the development and ranking of 14 strategies. The results indicate that strategies such as transferring the tasks related to the poultry industry from the government to the private sector (SO) and using the capacities of knowledge-based companies for innovation in the supply of poultry input (WT) have the highest scores. In contrast, strategies such as organizing workshops and training courses (WO) and hiring skilled labore (ST) have lower scores. The findings suggest practical concepts for poultry entrepreneurs, including branding, technology adoption, establishing international animal welfare standards, collaborating with knowledge-based companies, and privatization under government supervision. These strategies can foster regional development by promoting entrepreneurship, which in turn can increase employment, economic growth, and productivity, ensuring a balanced distribution of opportunities and resources

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Abstract one of the most important purposes of studying Persian painting is to discover the mysteries of these traces and proving their relation with other Iranian and traditional art literature and with a special point of view showing their connection with the layout and grammar design in the past time. The growing of this art isn’t separated from the life of the adherents. And it’s to be effective on producing all traces of Persian painting, and always have related to the rich contents of Iranian literature; and to make available space for growing and raising the culture of this country. Traveilling through this way has created a wonderful force on personality of the painters, so that connected their mind with the principle source, away from the world powers. For studying and analyzing the structure of the two masterpieces of Persian painting of manuscript books (Shahnameh - Baysonquri and Haft Orang - Jami), the article is trying to point out and explain about the grammar design of these paintings and the way that these scientific method can be used in the new graphic arts

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 In many of mythical, folklore and fairy stories, the birth of the hero has many mythical and fictional characteristics. The grounding of the birth of the hero traces on the hero’s future life. In many stories, which have the birth function, there are many barriers in the birth process. Among these obstacles, we can name aging parents and their disability to have a child.
The remarkable point in this story is that the child, despite many barriers, is born, and after a dangerous and wonderful life, becomes a hero. The main goal of this article is the psychological analysis and classification of the type of tales.
This research investigates the birth of the hero as a current theme in mythical, folklore and fairy stories, and its conclusion shows that we can classify the different types of birth function in the following groups as: the birth without parent origin, the birth process with one origin (father or mother), the marriage of the king with particular girl (sometimes a fairy), and the birth of the hero in the aging parent time and eating apple condition for mother.
 
 

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Background and Objectives:HBV and HTLV-I are life threatening infectious agents in patients who receive blood and blood products. Although serological methods have been proved to be useful, detection of these viruses has remained a challengingissue due to the many obstacles. By the advent of Nucleic Acid Testing methods, especially in multiplex format, more precise detection is possible.The objective of this study was to develop a reliable, rapid and cost- effective method tosimultaneously detect HBV and HTLV-I. Materials and Methods: We have developed a multiplex Real time-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of HBV and HTLV-I. Primer sets were designed for highly conserved regions of genome of each virus. Using these primers and standard plasmids, we determined the limit of detection, clinical and analytical specificity and sensitivity of the assay. Monoplex and multiplex Real-time PCRs were performed. Results: Analytical sensitivity was considered to be 1000 and 100 copies/ml for HBV and HTLV-I, respectively. High concentration of one virus had no adverse effect on detection of t low concentrations of the other one. By analyzing 30 samples, clinical sensitivity of the assay was determined to be 87% and 96% for HBV and HTLV-I, respectively. Using different viral and human genome samples, the specificity of the assay was verified to be 100%. Conclusions:We have developed a reliable, rapid and cost effective method tosimultaneously detect HBV and HTLV-I.Our results indicatedthe high capability of this simple and rapid method for detecting these viruses in clinical samples.

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One of the important topics in many literary works is “love”. In the literature, the authors have provided specific definitions for love. Many of the authors have drawn virtual love and some others have pictured a real one. Among the writers whose works have addressed the issue of love is the Russian writer and the great thinker, Tolstoy. Between 1880 and 1904, when the shadow of moral crisis was over the world, Tolstoy founded a new religion by presenting a new definition of love, and presented a new definition of faith and morality according. Romain Rolland, the French writer, reading the works of Tolstoy and thinking about them, was fascinated by the opinions of this Russian author. After getting familiar with Tolstoy’s religion and morality, which was indicative of the real love, Rolland tried to reflect his beliefs in his works and present a new picture of love. The best example of his religious beliefs is the novel Jean-Christophe. In this study, first we are going to get familiar with Tolstoy’s religious and moral beliefs though defining his new religion, and then study the manifestation of love on his novel Jean-Christophe by using those beliefs.  

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Background: Chronic Low back pain (CLBP) is one of the most prevalent health problems which is affected by psychological disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of psychological intervention on chronic low back pain among a sample of Iranian nurses.
Material and Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial. The participants of this study consisted of 84 nurses suffering from chronic back pain and working in Valiasr hospital, Tehran-Iran. The recruited nurses were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups (42 nurses in each group). The demographic questionnaire and Visual Analog Assessment scales (VAS) and a Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) were used to collect data at the beginning of the study and 3 months following completion of the intervention. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, T-test and paired T-test.
Results: Forty-two nurses, with a mean age of 32 ± 8.2 and 31.5 ± 7.4 years in the intervention group and control group respectively, took part in this study. The two groups were not significantly different at the beginning of the study in terms of demographic data (P > 0.05). At the 3-month follow up, the pain rate in the intervention group was significantly decreased from 4.47 to 4.09 (P < 0.0001). Furthermore in intervention group, the mean scores of anxiety intervention group were decreased from 17.73 to 9.76 (P < 0.0001). Decreased Stress scores decreased from 15.52 to 9.52 (P < 0.0001), and the depression score from 17.66 to 10.45 (P < 0.0001).
Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that psychological interventions reduced stress anxiety, depression as well as low back pain among Iranian nurses. It is recommended that further research with larger sample and longer follow up be conducted to confirm the findings of this study.

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This research aimed to compare the perceived motivational climate of judokas and basketball players in the Iranian Premier League, which was carried out using a comparative research method. The statistical population of the research was all the judokas of the Iranian Premier League (9 teams and 18 judokas on each team) and all the Iranian Premier League basketball players (9 teams and 18 basketball players on each team). They competed in the Premier League competitions in 2014. The present research considered the statistical sample based on Morgan's sample size table for judokas (n=83) and basketball players (n=102).In order to conduct data collection, a demographic form and motivational climate questionnaire (PMCSQ) were used. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, and an independent t-test was used to compare the two sports at a significant level (p≤0.05). The results showed a difference between the perceived motivational climate of judokas and basketball players of the Iranian Premier League (p≤0.05). Furthermore, the results showed that the performance Climate in judokas was higher than in basketball players (p≤0.05), but the skill motivational Climate in basketball players was higher than in judokas (p≤0.05). In general, it can be concluded that the type of sport is an important factor in the type of perceived motivational climate.
 

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Nowadays, application of enhanced oil recovery methods has increased; therefore it’s necessary to determine their impacts on environment and human life. So, this research investigates the environmental impacts of conventional enhanced oil recovery methods and new methods such as using electromagnetic waves, ultrasound waves, and nanoparticles. The investigations show that electromagnetic waves and ultrasound can effectively remove many environmental pollutants. Characteristics of the wave and the type of formation determine that these waves have different effects on the formation, and efforts should be made to understand these effects to prevent damage to the formation. Nanoparticles can also reduce the quantity of pollutants in the environment. According to the mechanisms of entrapment of nanoparticles in the porous medium, they may remain in the reservoir and find their way to the underground water over time, so their environmental effects should be considered in the long term. A better knowledge of new methods of increasing oil extraction will lead to the identification and use of more suitable methods with less environmental effects (compared to conventional methods).