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A vast number of tropical and subtropical mites belong to the family Tarsonemidae Canestrini & Fanzago, 1877, with the tribe Tarsoenmini under subfamily Tarsoneminae having the most diverse assemblage. In order to better understand the distribution, community structure, and host specificity of these mites, it is important to investigate the Tarsonemini mite fauna of India, particularly in the highly biodiverse state of West Bengal. A total of 1154 mite specimens were obtained from 69 distinct plant species belonging to 44 families and distributed over six agroclimatic zones in West Bengal. The mites were classified into 8 distinct genera and 38 morphospecies. We developed bipartite trophic networks for Tarsonemini mites for the first time to show how these different communities of these mites are associated to various host plant species in six different agroclimatic zones. Different network descriptors such as Connectance, H2, Niche Overlap and Robustness were calculated from the mite-plant networks of six agroclimatic zones. Northern Hill Zone had the highest diversity followed by New Alluvial and Teesta-Terai Zone whereas, Red Laterite Zone had the least diversity of mite species. More than 70% Tarsonemini mites were found as generalist plant inhabitants which is consistent with their epiphytotic microbivorous feeding strategy.

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Different competitor weed fungi Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium glabrum, Fusarium oxysporum and Coprinopsis kimurae were found to have associated with the fruit beds as constant contaminants of Pleurotus sajor-caju and Lentinula edodes. Several antagonists, plant extracts and chemicals were tested against the weed fungi to screen the most effective ones and to have an integrated combination for better management of the disease. Among the chemicals used, Baynate and Bavistin at the dose of 0.5% provided highly significant inhibition of all the competitors. Different plant extracts were treated against the weed fungi and it was found that garlic (Allium sativum) preparation exhibited the best result followed by Cycas revoluta and Azadirachta indica. Among the antagonists, Trichoderma viride was proved to be the most efficient one. Out of the various compatible combinations, the T. viride, garlicextract and Bavistin combination was found to be the most potent integrated combination providing more than 97% growth inhibition of the weed fungi in vitro. Under in vivo condition, biological efficiency of the combination of T. viride, T. hamatum, bavistin and garlic preparation was found to be significantly higher than untreated beds of both edible mushroom species.

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Targeted extension for heterogeneous farming systems is a challenge in developing countries. Farm type identification and characterization based on estimates of income from different farm components allows simplifying diversity in farming systems. Use of multivariate statistical techniques, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), help in such farm typology delineation. Using this methodological approach, the present study conducted in West Bengal, India, identified four distinct farm types, namely, farms growing food grain and jute, farms with animal husbandry and fishery based diversification with high off-farm income, farms with crop based diversification with off-farm income, and farms growing vegetables and fruits. Such typology delineation helps in differentiated, holistic, and broad-based extension intervention to address the need of different identified farm types and a reduced transaction cost in the agricultural research and extension system. inbred lines, and 9 hybrids). A total of 94 and 262 loci were amplified using 5 IRAP and 15 REMAP primers, respectively. The percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) in populations ranged from 39% (Zivari Shahrood) to 48% (Shadegani E). The Mantel test between IRAP and REMAP cophenetic matrices evidenced no significant correlation (r= 0.29). IRAP+REMAP-based cluster analysis using UPGMA algorithm and Dice similarity coefficient depicted 6 groups among 100 melon genotypes. AMOVA revealed the higher level of genetic variation within populations (67%) compared to among populations (33%). The mean Fst values of all groups, except for group VI, were more than 0.20, demonstrating differentiation among the populations and genetic structure of the studied melon collection. 

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Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV) disease of okra is the single major production constraint and causes yield loss to the tune of 50-90% in India. Hence continuous search for new sources of resistance and development of better varieties/hybrids with durable level of resistance should receive attention of breeder. An attempt was made to screen twenty-six advanced lines/varieties of okra in one of the hot spots of YVMV disease in eastern India to identify suitable parents for resistant breeding program. The study revealed high magnitude of genetic variability and high degree of transmission of majority of the growth, earliness, and yield component traits under consideration. Based on the degree of divergence, the genotypes were grouped into four clusters. Hybridization between genotypes belonging to Cluster II and Cluster III could combine early maturity, higher yield, and having high tolerance against YVMV disease. Dendrogram among the genotypes also revealed high diversity along with strong inter cluster relationships. Based on averages and principal component analysis, six genotypes viz., BCO-1, A. caillei, A. manihot, 11/RES-6, VNR Green and 12/RES-2 appeared very promising candidates for future use in resistant breeding programs.

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Ali Shariati was undoubtedly among the most important of the prerevolutionary Islamist thinker particularly insofar as he made Islam a politically respectable force for many young men and women in Iran's traditional middle classes. Shariati was novel for the time in terms of his education and intellectual influences. The clear attraction of ideology for Shariati is that he believes by means of it man is endowed with the capacity to transform the world around him. The current paper tries to explore the manner in which Shariati carried out his highly politicized reading of Islam, assigning centrality to the notion of a just order. Author argues that Shariati's quest for a just order is more important than the order itself.