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The movement of translating the texts of Greek philosophy into Arabic during the 2nd and the 3rd centuries AH especially in the period of caliphate of Mansour Davaniqi, was a main cause of the glory of the Islamic college or by the act of Muslim philosophers like Ibn Sina. At least from 17th century Western philosophy has moved in a way that is different from what we know of Islamic philosophy and if we need to have deep knowledge of it we need to either be expert in Western languages or to use the translations of their original texts of Western philosophy. The text of Western philosophy, however, have been written in several languages like English, German and French and a scholar in philosophy, in spite of his proficiency in English, in order to be familiar with works written in other European languages, he needs to the help of translators. This article explains the necessity of translating philosophical texts of Western philosophy and some entailments of it.

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Criticizing the history of philosophy and epistemology definitely requires great courage, because the effects and consequences of this can lead to dangerous results. When we ignore any metaphysical and superhuman beings and generally explain any epistemological issues in the explanation of our knowledge strategy, then the result can lead to nihilism, absurdism, disorder and anarchism. It can be dangerous and toxic both for the individual and for the society. While we expect to encounter such nihilistic thought in Rorty's thought, on the contrary, the philosopher in question claims that his thought will not be led to what was mentioned. Rather, it seeks pleasure, happiness and happiness for humans, because although there is no longer talk of truth and goodness, but by expanding the solidarity between human "us" as much as possible, it seeks to change this road and move towards a human utopia. Our purpose of writing this article is to investigate and analyze the position of the epistemological foundations of ethics in Rorty's thought.

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Problem statement: Sense of place means people's mental perception of the environment and their more or less conscious feelings of their environment, which puts a person in an internal relationship with the environment, so that the understanding and feeling of the person is linked to the semantic context of the environment. Will be integrated. This sense is the factor that turns a space into a place with special sensory and behavioral characteristics for special people. The environment is made up of both physical and social aspects. Humans create places around them, and a place independent of humans has no meaning.
Aim: To analyze human interaction with the environment in terms of the effects of perception and behavior on the sense of belonging to a place in Mehr housing complexes.
Methods: The present study is descriptive-analytical in nature and the statistical population of the study is the residents of Mehr Mokrian Housing Complex in Mahabad. For data analysis, structural equations were used by second-order factor analysis with Amos software.
Results: The results showed that human needs have the greatest effect on creating a sense of place with 0.946 with the effect of perception and behavior in human interaction with the environment and the least effect is related to the interpretive dimension with a collective effect of 0.531 Be.
Conclusion: All the dimensions studied in the present study have an effect on creating a sense of place in human interaction with their environment.
 

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The present paper aimed to comparatively study the orientational conceptual metaphors in Persian and Spanish. In this work, within the Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) classification of conceptual metaphors as structural, orientational and ontological metaphors, we have tried to the concentrate on the examination of orientational metahors applied to data collected from Spanish, and to prove the use of these metaphors at the level of metaphorical mapping as well as linguistic representation in Persian. The analysis of 38 samples of orientational conceptual metaphors in the form of 10 names of mapping extracted from the Spanish novel Conversation in the Cathedral by Mario Vargas Llosa, a collection of papers in Spanish about conceptual metaphors, and a series of oral data, made us conclude that the similarities related to conceptual metaphors based on the human understanding of the sense of “space” and “direction” are more than the disparities in these two languages.  

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Ellipsis is a frequent event, which occurs in different linguistic levels. Even though it does not usually affect communication, there are times when ellipsis leads to ambiguity and misunderstanding. In TV football reports, because of the context and previous familiarity with such a match, the reporter continuously omits linguistic units. This study deals with the nature and amount of ellipsis in TV football reports. The corpus includes the last 15 minutes of 12 TV football reports of four famous reporters. Data analysis includes studying the nature and amount of ellipsis in these reports based on Safavi (1390). On the other hand, ellipsis of linguistic categories is studied based on the model proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976, 1987). In this study, ellipsis is categorized in 4 types: ellipsis leading to ambiguity, ellipsis with no effect on communication, which Safavi (1390) calls semantic reduction, ellipsis that distinguishes speech from writing, and ellipsis of optional linguistic units. The study shows that over half of the instances of ellipsis do not lead to any misunderstanding, and because of the nature of football reports, they result in some sort of semantic reduction. On the other hand, studying the types of ellipsis on the syntactic level shows considerable difference from Halliday and Hasan (1976, 1987) who categorize ellipsis in three types of verb phrase, noun phrase and clause ellipsis. Finally, the study shows that classic view towards ellipsis, which categorizes it in two types of text-based and context-based ellipsis, cannot explain instances of ellipsis in TV football reports. The present research categorizes the ellipsis types in TV football reports, and shows failure of the classic view in explaining these instances of ellipsis.

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The purpose of this paper is to outline the theory and practice of discourse analysis as a tool of interpretation in translation of dramatic works. By translation of dramatic works, the discourses of target language has been influenced and undergone some significant differences that has been making different interpretations. Translations of Bertolt Brecht’s plays because of their historical implications of the social status in two decades 50 to 60 and 80 in Iran, prepare the best data to measure this point. This descriptive study by incorporation of direct observation of original work and Library based method analysed primary data that have been collected and  followed by focusing on the framework of  Norman Fairclough approach to discourse analysis. This research aims to show how in the Persian translation of Brecht’s works, conscious or unconscious, some changes have been created. To find the answer of this question, the translation of the forty Brecht’ plays, Herr Puntila und sein KnechtMatti,Baal, Im Dickicht der Stadte, and Die Geschichte der Simone Machard has been chosen. These samples were selected based on varieties of translations belonging to different ages in order to find more significant differences .The findings indicate that most of Brecht's plays in accordance with the political context, social influence or dominant discourses of  every period - at least at the level of lexical and conceptual context- are subjected to cultural distortions.

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The ladybird Hyperaspis pseudopustulata Mulsant, 1853 was recently reported as the 13^th species of the genus Hyperaspis of Iran. Because of the lack of sufficient details in the original description, here we provide more details of morphological features by the help of electron microscope and quantitative morphometric measurements of Iranian H. pseudopustulata. The differential characters of the species in comparison with other close species are presented.

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The present study attempts to carry out a contrastive analysis -within the framework of anthropological linguistics- on idioms formed in relation with common concepts in Spanish and Persian, based on how natives speakers of these languages deal with the objects around them. In this approach, the possible similarities and differences between linguistic components are analyzed according to the native speakers' cultural and sociological issues. This approach, more than anything else, is indebted to the theory of linguistic relativity, a theory based on the influence of language on thought and, in particular, on the individual's attitudes towards objects, and how his/her language treats objects around him/her. The main question of the present research is what impacts do objects and artifacts have on the creation of possible similarities and differences in idiom formulation, in native Spanish and Persian speakers' culture. Since idioms are an inseparable part of folklore and popular knowledge, and perhaps the most culture-bound part of language, the authors try to assess the effects of cultural interaction with objects around Spanish and Persian native speakers on their idiom formulation referring to common concepts, through the contrastive analysis of object-containing idioms in Spanish and Persian, in order to present a model for an inter-linguistic analysis within an anthropolinguistic framework. The main objective of this research is the comparison of the idioms containing objects in Spanish and Persian in order to show how the attitude of the speakers of those languages towards objects, is reflected in the form and content of idioms under the influence of the context and cultural characteristics. Based on the analysis carried out in this study, in Spanish and Persian, idiomatization referring to a common concept according to the special interaction of these native speakers with the objects around them, tends more towards cultural differences than similarities, and the focus of idiomatization similarities has been based on objects and artifacts that are used in the household.

1.  Introduction

One of the central issues that the Antropolinguistic studies are seeking for is to consider the Language as a cultural function and event; and one of the subjects discussed in the Relative Linguistic Hypothesis is to confirm that people's thinking is influenced by how they interact with objects around them in terms of language. On the other hand, the mass culture has more influence in formulating the ‘idioms’ than in other linguistic elements. For example, since in the Catholicism the cross is a symbol and reminder of the Passion of the Christ; in Spanish the idiom (To be a cross: Ser una cruz) is used to express the concept of “something annoying”: »Tener que madrugar es una cruz para mí. «( Having to get up early is a cross for me.)  While in Persian to express this same concept, the idiom (عذاب الیم بودن: To be a painful punishment(  is used under the influence of The Quran in the idiomatization:«برای من زود بیدار شدن از خواب عذاب الیم است.»  (Having to get up early is a painful punishment for me.) Now the question is what are the results of comparing the idioms containing objects in Spanish and Persian? And the hypothesis of this article is that due to the cultural differences between Iranians and Spaniards, which can potentially lead to differences in the way they encounter objects around them, in relation with the idiomatization from a common concept, rather than seeing similarities, we will see differences in these two languages.
Question: w
 

2.  Literature Review

2.1) In 1995, Monroy Casas y Hernández Campo published an article called “A Sociolinguistic Approach to the Study of Idioms: Some Anthropolinguistic Sketch”. In this article, they defined the idiom as a sequence of words functioning as a single unit whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meaning of the parts. In the repertoire of any language idiomatic expressions constitute a special category of lexical items presenting a fixed structure and a specific behavior in language use. And they discussed a small sample of Spanish and English idioms (proverbs, and sayings in particular) within an anthropolinguistic framework in an attempt to foreground not just differences but some curious coincidences between the two cultures in their apprehension of reality.
2.2) In 2012, Rita Marinelli and Laura Cignoni published an article called “In the same boat and other idiomatic seafaring expressions”. In this article, they reported that a total of 200 Italian expressions were first selected and examined, using both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, as well as specific lexicographical works dealing with the subject of idiomaticity, especially of the maritime type, and a similar undertaking was then conducted for the English expressions. They discussed the possibility of including both the Italian and English idiomatic expressions in the semantic database Mari Term, which contains terms belonging to the maritime domain. They described the terminological database and the way in which the idiomatic expressions can be organized within the system, so that they are connected to other concepts represented in the database, but at the same time continue to belong to a group of particular linguistic expressions. Furthermore, they studied similarities and differences in meaning and usage of some idiomatic expressions in the two languages.
2.3) In 2014, Teilanyo published an article called “A Comparative Study of Selected Idioms in Nembe (Nigeria) and English”.He, based on assumptions and criticisms of the Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis with its derivatives of cultural determinism and cultural relativity, studied certain English idioms that had parallels in Nembe (an Ijoid language in Nigeria’s Niger Delta). He concluded that while the codes (vehicles) of expression are different, the same propositions and thought patterns run through the speakers of these different languages. However, each linguistic community adopts the concepts and nuances in its environment. Therefore, the concept of linguistic universals and cultural relativity complement each other and provide a forum for efficient communication across linguistic, cultural and racial boundaries.
 

3.  Methodology

In order to examine the hypothesis, f
 

4.  Conclusion

In the 34 Persian equivalents of the 50 revised Spanish idioms, the area chosen for idiomatization is different and in the 26 Persian equivalents of those the area chosen for idiomatization is similar. Thus, it can be concluded that in Spanish and Persian, idiomatization referring to a common concept according to the special interaction of these native speakers with the objects around them, tends more towards cultural differences than similarities, and the focus of idiomatization similarities has been based on objects and artifacts that are used in the household.

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A total of 58 bacteria from three fermented vegetables samples were isolated. These isolates were identified as 64% Lactobacillus, 5% Pediococcus, 4.5% Leuconostoc and 26.5% unclassified bacteria based on phenotypic characterizations using morphological and biochemical tests. This identification was completed by culture-independent molecular method based on next-generation sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons. The V3 and V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq platform. These data were analyzed with BaseSpace software and Greengenes database. The analysis revealed 77.12% Lactobacillus, 7.51% Pediococcus, 5.61% Leuconostoc, 1.20% Acinetobacter, 1.00% Enterobacter, 0.35% Erwinia, 0.35% Dickeya as the predominant genera and 2.79% unclassified bacteria. At species level, 19.32% Lactobacillus brevis, 15.71% Lactobacillus japonicus, 13.25% Lactobacillus pentosus, 10.26% Lactobacillus senmaizukei, 4.6% Lactobacillus plantarum, 2.65% Leuconostoc mesenteroides and 2.32% Lactobacillus acidifarinae and 17.26% unclassified bacteria were identified. The same identification results were obtained by both phenotypic and Next- generation sequencing assays at genus level. In this study, application of next generation sequencing in identification of whole microbial community of this fermented product revealed that lactic acid bacteria include Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Leuconostoc as dominant flora, were involved in fermentation process. Non-lactic acid bacteria such as Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Erwinia and Dickeya genera also play important role in fermented pickled vegetable with tomato juice ripening. Moreover, probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus brevis were identified in this fermented product.

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Characterization of mechanical properties of soft tissues using hyper-viscoelastic models has been of special attention in medical fields such as medical diagnosis. In most of these studies, only one single tissue has been analyzed and therefore, in cases that the lower tissue does not function well, generalization of obtained results for a tissue will not be suitable for other tissues. In the current study, mechanical properties of chicken chest and sheep liver, two different study cases, have been determined at the same time using an indentation test. To determine the properties of the obtained model, inverse finite element method (IFEM) has been employed. Moreover, an optimization algorithm has been used for minimizing the differences of force-time curves that are obtained from indentation test and finite element analysis. By separating the force-time curve to two hyperelastic and viscoelastic parts, the parameters of each part have been determined individually using a separate inverse finite element method. This procedure results in reducing the computation time. Eventually, the parameters of viscoelastic and hyperelastic models have been determined by nonlinear root mean square error of 0.0695 and 0.0315, respectively. Comparison of the curves obtained from finite element analyses and those obtained from experiments shows the validity and capability of the employed method.

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The research type is descriptive - correlation research which is done through survey method. Statistical population of research is family business in Tehran that at least two members of the family are involved in the ownership or management of the organization. Based on available information, Statistical population has been 600 companies and the sample size was 235 companies. In this research main tool for data collecting is a questionnaire that it`s validity and reliability has been measured. According to previous studies, questionnaires and interviews with family business owners, variables that influenced on the apathy of people to participate in the family business, are: micro scale collected Perspective, micro scale Structure and micro scale Interaction. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify latent variables. The relationship between these factors and the main factor was measured by confirmatory factor analysis. It was shown that lack collected perspective has greatest impact on the apathy and incoherent structure, meanwhile fitting the model. The identified factors were highly correlated with the main factor. Therefore, we can conclude that three marked factors influenced on the apathy to family business

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 Bacteriocins are a group of unique molecules that are produced by some microorganisms and are considered as part of the host's innate immunity. Nowadays, the use of biological preservatives in the food industry is increasing widely. In the present study, Bacillus laciniformis ATCC 9789 was used to produce bacteriocin. The antimicrobial activity of produced bacteriocin was investigated against foodborne pathogens. Further, after purification, the characteristics of produced bacteriocin, including stability against heat, pH, enzyme and ultraviolet (UV) rays, as well as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. Also, molecular weight, functional groups and temperature characteristics of bacteriocin were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-Page), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests. This bacteriocin had very good stability in different temperatures, pHs and against trypsin and pepsin enzymes and under UV rays. The SDS-Page test showed that the produced bacteriocin consists of two parts with a molecular weight of 17 and 20 kDa. The results of FTIR analysis showed peptide characteristics and DSC results had two exothermic peaks at 190 and 325 ⸰C, respectively. In general, in this research, after extracting and ensuring the existence of bacteriocin, its antimicrobial effect was evaluated by determining MIC and MBC on foodborne pathogens. The results showed that the bacteriocin produced by B. licheniformis had a significant antimicrobial effect on foodborne pathogens.

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Many studies have been done so far on the reproductive biology of carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, considering different environmental conditions, however, climate regions’ indirect effects cascaded up to the carob moth performance are not studied yet. A soil-pomegranate fruit cv. Malas-carob moth system was utilized based on three populations of pomegranate cv. Malas grown in three different climate regions of Iran (Aqda, Tarom-e-Oliya, and Saveh). Aqda region supported the highest nitrogen content for both soil and fruit; however, according to the two-sex life table, population growth parameters did not vary significantly in the carob moth reared on the fruits collected from these three climate regions. There was no correlation between soil nitrogen content and all population growth and biological parameters of the pest. Among all population growth and biological parameters, pupal period (r= -0.997, P= 0.047) and development time (r= -0.997, P= 0.051) showed inverse correlations with fruit nitrogen at 10% significance level. It was concluded that climate region indirect effect on the carob moth performance could not emanate under the pomegranate cultivar shade, however, this hypothesis should be tested in future.
 

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The Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) , is known as an important and highly polyphagous pest species worldwide. The objective of the present study was to evaluate synergistic effects of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and NucleoPolyhedroVirus (SpliMNPV) on the 5-day-old larvae (2^nd instars) of S. littoralis under laboratory conditions. To do this, the larvae of S. littoralis were fed on the treated artificial diet containing only one or combination of Bt (8.31×10⁵, 2.78×10⁷, 9.69×10⁸ spore mL^-1) and SpliMNPV (5.26×10, 7.03×10², 9.39×10³ OB mL^-1). According to the results, the mortality rate for most of the Bt-SpliMNPV combinations (different concentrations) was higher than that in the treatments containing only one of the studied biocontrol agents. The Bt-SpliMNPV combinations showed different types of interactions, including synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects. The treatment containing 8.31×10⁵ spore mL^-1 of Bt and 5.26×10 OB mL^-1 of the SpliMNPV was interpreted as synergism effect, as the real mortality (72.41±12.43%) was significantly more than the expected (48.28%). In addition, application of the Bt-SpliMNPV combinations could significantly increase larval and pupal periods, and reduce pupation, pupal weight and the adult emergence rate compared to the control and treatments containing only one of Bt or SpliMNPV. Finally, it could be concluded that co-application of Bt and SpliMNPV can enhance economic and efficient control of S. littoralis.