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Effects of part replacement (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of whole wheat flour by composite flour (based on foxtail millet, proso millet and buckwheat flours in equal proportions) on physical, nutritional, sensory and antioxidant properties of multi-millet cookies were investigated. Increase in the ratio of composite flour in the blend and formulated cookies resulted in increase in ash, fiber, fat and protein and decrease in moisture and carbohydrate contents. Increase in supplementation levels of composite flour added to the TPC, DPPH, reducing power and FRAP and decrease in metal chelating activity of cookies. Maximum gain in thickness and weight as well as loss in diameter, spread ratio and bake loss were observed with the highest composite flour substitution. Color values such as a* was found to be enhanced whereas L* and b* were found to be weakened, simultaneously NEB values got increased upon substitution. A 60% blend of composite flour with whole wheat flour was selected best used in the cookie’s formulation on the basis of sensory evaluation. Overall, this study demonstrates that millet based composite flour can effectively improve the functional values of formulated cookies, in addition to an option for the development of gluten free products for celiac patients. 

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  Background: The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) varies tremendously in different parts of the world. This study reviews the percentage and molecular diagnosis of Hepatitis C in the persons from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan that visited to a particular laboratory.   Methods : The method includes the diagnostic procedure steps by Real Time PCR. A Total numbers of 1050 Persons were screened during four months i.e. January-April, 2014. The collected data was evaluated for prevalence rate, age wise prevalence, gender wise prevalence and comparison of RT-PCR and ICT. Results : Overall percentage was 64.85 which is an overestimation of a true prevalence because of the specific sampling method applied to current study. Middle age persons were more affected. The percentage was higher in male (56.9) as compared to female (43.02). The RT-PCR diagnostic test was found to be more sensitive for the detection of HCV comparative to ICT. Conclusion : It is recommended that government should establish such laboratories equipped with RT-PCR for timely and accurate detection of HCV. Moreover, awareness programs are required to decrease the burden of HCV in the Pakistani population.

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A new species of tiphiid wasp, namely, Tiphia kashmirensis Hanima & Girish Kumar sp. nov. is described from Kashmir, India. Male of Tiphia khasiana is described for the first time. Key to species of Tiphia from the Indian subcontinent of Allen (1975) is modified here to accommodate the new species and male of T. khasiana.

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The Oriental Asian species, Saltella setigera (Diptera: Sepsidae), that previously recorded based on a single male specimen from Shakargarh, Punjab province of Pakistan, is revised. During our recent collection from the Northern parts of Pakistan, both male and female specimens have been collected from Islamabad Capital Territory and Azad Kashmir, shows the wide distribution of this rarely known species and may expect to identify from other areas adjoining to these collection sites in future. The distributional notes, key characters, re-description, and detail photographs of both sexes are provided.

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Backgrounds: The fungal infection of tinea capitis is a common mycosis that affects the scalp superficially, especially in children. Oral treatment of this infection remains the preferred treatment process in clinical dermatology. Many antifungals available for dermatophyte treatment lead to treatment failure. Determination of antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes in-vitro has been reported to be important to curb dermatophyte infections using effective antifungal drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate and determine in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amphotericin B, ketoconazole, griseofulvin, terbinafine, and fluconazole against dermatophyte clinical isolates using agar dilution method.
Materials and Methods: In this study, in vitro susceptibilities of 32 dermatophyte clinical isolates collected from primary school pupils in Sokoto metropolis were investigated to five antifungals (fluconazole, terbinafine, ketoconzole, amphotericin B, and griseofulvin) using the CLSI agar dilution method.
Findings: The results obtained revealed that griseofulvin and terbinafine were the most potent antifungal agents among those tested.
Conclusion: Agar dilution method could be an alternative method for MIC-determination of antifungal drugs against dermatophyte species, since it is cost effective and affordable with consistent results, especially in developing countries.

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The Indian species of Omphale Haliday are discussed. Seven species are included, of which four species O. akhtari Jamali & Zeya sp. nov., O. ecola Jamali & Zeya sp. nov., O. kamili Jamali & Zeya sp. nov. and O. litera Jamali & Zeya sp. nov. are described and illustrated. One species O. appannai (Kurian) is transferred to Omphale Haliday from Chrysonotomyia Ashmead. Diagnostic characters are presented for O. stonia Narendran & O. calicuti Narendran. An identification key to Indian species is also provided.

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Aims: Scrub typhus (ST) is an important cause of acute undifferentiated febrile illness. ST is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi transmitted by the bite of a trombiculid mite. It is endemic in East Asia, the South Pacific, and the Indian subcontinent. In India, ST accounts for about 23% of all febrile illnesses. This study aimed to assess the clinical profile of ST and associated risk factors.

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This paper reports a new addition to the national bumblebee fauna of the Indian Himalayas. The newly recorded species viz., Bombus cryptarum (Fabricius, 1775) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) is fully described from the Gurez Valley (Jammu and Kashmir) and Panamik (Ladakh) in the Western Himalayan range. Males of the B. cryptarum have thoracic dorsum and T2 lemon yellow without black hairs. Gonostylus with the anterior apical process with long hairs and penis valve greatly broadened and flared outwards. With the addition of a new record, the Indian Himalayan region is now represented by 57 species of bumblebees. The species diagnosis, current distributional range, and host plants of this species are also provided.

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The order Hymenoptera comprises an important group of insects, with ecological and economic importance, and serving as ecological indicators. Investigating the diversity and distribution of fauna is considered a prerequisite for biodiversity conservation. In this research, the hymenopteran fauna in mangrove forests on the southern coast of Iran were studied during 2021–2022. The collection was made by sweeping net and light trap. The survey revealed the presence of ten species and nine genera belonging to six families. Of which, two species, Ampulex assimilis Kohl, 1893 (Hym.: Ampulicidae) and Paridris leda Kozlov & Kononova, 1985 (Hym.: Scelionidae) are recorded for the first time for the Iranian fauna. Diagnostic characters of the new records and geographical distribution of all species are provided.

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Aims: In nurseries, hygiene measures are considered as an effective practice to prevent infection. By implementing appropriate hygiene techniques and effective prevention measures, the transmission of infectious diseases such as cholera among children and youth can be limited. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an educational program on nannies' practice regarding cholera infection and explore any relationship between their practice and demographic characteristics.
Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group in public nurseries in different cities of Baghdad province. Sixty nannies were randomly selected and divided into two equal intervention and control groups. The intervention group received the cholera education program, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were collected using a researcher-made checklist to evaluate nannies' practice and analyzed by SPSS 26 software.
Findings: Both groups had inadequate practice regarding cholera infection (0.96±0.31 and 1.00±0.15, respectively). After the implementation of the program, the practice of the intervention group improved significantly (1.59±0.13), while the practice of the control group remained inadequate (1.00±0.12). There was no significant difference in the mean scores of nannie’s practice based on their demographic characteristics (p>0.05), except for the level of education (p=0.0001).
Conclusion: The practice of nannies in public nurseries in Baghdad against cholera is limited, and the educational program of this study has a positive effect on the practice of nannies. The educational qualification of nannies plays a significant role in responding to the program.

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A formulaic speech is a part of language which can carry many meanings, themes and instances. Formulaic speech are commonly used in proverbs, metaphors, idioms and languages and more in conversational language and play an effective role in social communication and language development both structurally and conceptually. They are part of a community's identity, culture and history whose understanding will lead to a better understanding of culture and society and the linguistic infrastructure and developments of a language community. Also, analyzing and recognizing them in a text gives a better understanding of the hidden angles and style of that text. In Dehkhoda's articles, there are various types of formulaic speech that in each of them lies deep social, cultural and linguistic concepts and understanding them helps to understand the style and language of Dehkhoda's articles and the society of his day. The present study uses qualitative (analytical-descriptive) method to analyze and recognize patterns of species in Dehkhoda's "Charand-o-parand" in three categories: proverb, irony, idioms and languages. The results of the research show that using these molded structures, Dehkhoda has depicted the conditions of his community and it has conveyed its content quickly and deeply to the audience. The use of these constructions has also led to the closest proverbial proverb to colloquial language. Idioms (220 Items), Irony (81 Items) and Proverbs (51 Items) are the most commonly used forms of molding in Dehkhoda's articles.

1. Introduction
Language is composed of different components and textures.One of them  is formulaic speech. These expressions are used in specific and limited social situations and are current and common in any language and are considered as an accepted part of that language. Knowing them leads to a better understanding of the language and discovering their meanings and their relationship with different social groups and classes of users.
Also, the study of formulaic speeches in textual research which allows the study of different linguistic layers in a text. Dehkhoda's articles are full of all kinds of stylized expressions of language. Dehkhoda has used these discourses creatively, in a way that his style can be identified through these stereotypes. The present article will examine these speeches
 Statement of the problems:
Formulaic speeches are the pre-prepared parts of the language which play an important role in social communication and language development. Examining these statements can help to examine the text more precisely; because these speeches show and contain different literary, cultural and social aspects of the text. This article uses analytical method to examine the Formulaic speeches in Dehkhoda's articles. This study makes Dehkhoda's articles more deeply understood.
Research aims:
The present study aims to analyze and recognize formulaic speeches in Dehkhoda's "Charand-o-parand" in three categories: proverb, irony, idioms .
Research questions:
This study wants to find some answer to these questions:
Which molded constructions are most used in Dehkhoda's articles and how Dehkhoda used each of them and how the existence of these constructions can affect the language of the text?
Research hypothesis:
The main premise of the present article is that Dehkhoda has been able to use all kinds of formulaic speeches in order to create a better and more effective relationship with the society of his time and solve the social and political problems of that period in simple, intimate and at the same time efficient and effective language.
 
2. Methods
The research method in this article is analytical and descriptive. Also, different types of formulaic speeches in “Charan-o-Parand” of Dehkhoda nonsense have been studied and categorized.
 
3. Results and Innovation
The results of the research show that using these molded structures, Dehkhoda has depicted in Charando Parand the conditions of his community and it has conveyed its content quickly and deeply to the audience. The use of these constructions has also led to the closest proverbial proverb to colloquial language. Idioms (220 Items), Irony (81 Items) and Proverbs (51 Items) are the most commonly used forms of molding in Dehkhoda's articles. These speeches have not been studied in Dehkhoda's articles so far
 

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In this research, microcellular thermoplastic polyurethane foams are investigated as an absorbing material in the X-band                (8.2-12.4GHz) frequency range by means of numerical analysis and experiment. In the frame of this work, we aim at establishing relationships between the foams morphology including cell size and air volume fraction and their radar absorbing properties. We therefore first describe numerical method and modelling. Then numerical analysis of microcellular foams in various cell sizes and air volume fractions are explained. Then design basis and preparation of nanocomposite foams of various morphologies using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) as physical foaming agent are presented. After measuring the S-Parameters of the samples by VNA, numerical and experimental results are compared and finally we establish structure/properties relationships that are essential for further optimizations of the materials for the radar absorbing applications.  

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Effect of methanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera for the stabilization of butter oil with modified fatty acid profile at ambient temperature was investigated. Twelve Sahiwal cows of first and early lactation were randomly stratified into two groups in a completely randomized design and fatty acid profile of milk fat was modified by feeding 300 grams calcium salts of fatty acids (per cow per day) to one group (G-1) and the second group was not fed on calcium salts of fatty acids (G-2). Concentration of long chain fatty acids (C18:1 to C18:3) in milk of G-1 was increased from 30.33±0.174b to 35.36±0.14a% as compared to G-2. Milk fat of G-1 was turned into butter oil. Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) was incorporated into butter oil (from milk of G-1) at three different concentrations: T₁= 400, T₂= 600, and T₃= 800 ppm. All these treatments were compared with a control, without any addition of MOLE. Peroxide value of T₂ in Schaal oven test (after 90 days of storage) was 5.35±0.29b as compared to control 16.64±0.42a (meq /kg). p-anisidine value and induction time (after 90 days of storage at ambient temperature) of T₂ and control were 12.45±0.63b, 28.67±1.36a (meq kg^-1) and 10.84±0.28a and 3.95±0.14b hours, respectively. It was concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf extract at 600 ppm concentration may be used for the enhancement of oxidative stability of butter oil with modified fatty acid profile at ambient temperature.

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This paper aims to estimate various production functions, with emphasis on energy and investment in R& D, in Iran over the period 1979-2010. Following estimation of different production functions including CES (Constant Elasticity of Substitution), GPF (Generalized Production Function), Cobb-Douglas, Transcendental, Translog, and GLPF (Generalized Linear Production Function), a proper production function is selected. The functions are mainly non-linear and their estimation requires large sample sizes. The conventional econometric techniques estimate regression parameters through minimizing residual sum of squares (RSS). However, this approach is less efficient than minimization the Least Absolute Deviation (LAD). Moreover, the conventional nonlinear techniques cannot minimize absolute deviation of errors from their expected values. In order to overcome this problem, we use Genetic Algorithm (GA) method with LAD to estimate six non-linear production functions. The results suggest that the Translog function is the most appropriate production function for the Iranian economy. According to our findings, a 10 percent increase in energy consumption, raises the output by 7.3 percent. However, a 10 percent increase in R&D expenditure only increases the output by 2.6 percent. Finally, the results show that the production function in Iran exhibits increasing return to scale after the end of Iran-Iraq war. Thus, it seems constructing growth models for Iran by assuming constant returns to scale production technology needs to be reexamined.

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Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) is one of the most widely cultivated, economically important and common flowering plants worldwide including Pakistan. However, its yield of flower is quite low when grown under agro-climatic conditions of Multan. A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Area, Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (Pakistan), during 2010-2012 to investigate the effect of micronutrients (B, Zn and Fe) on growth, flower yield and quality of gladiolus cv. Traderhorn. Eight treatments comprised of either each micronutrient alone or a combination of Fe, B and Zn were applied. Corms were planted within the first week of November 2010, and 2011 on 60 cm apart ridges with 20 cm distance allowed within rows. Twenty corms were planted in each treatment, of three replicates. Micronutrient sprays were applied at 30 and 60 Days After Planting (DAP). Application of the micronutrients significantly increased plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, flower stalk length, flower fresh weight, spike length, florets per spike, florets’ fresh weight and diameter, flower vase-life, flower diameter as well as fresh weight of corms. Leaf number and days to spike emergence were only influenced by a combined application of all the three micronutrients. Among the micronutrient treatments, the treatment containing FeSO₄.7H₂O, H₃BO₃ and ZnSO₄.7H₂O (all at 2% level) performed the best for all the parameters except for number of corm per plant, which was not affected significantly by the foliar application of the micronutrients.

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Cake is one of the popular, high-consumption, and varied baking industry, that in addition to its nutritional value, has a high consumption in different classes of society.  In this research, Stevia was first substituted at 25, 50, 75 percent of sugar, and the characteristics of flavor, texture and color of the product were evaluated and the results showed that the best replacement level was 25%, which was more similar to control.
    After selecting the Optimum level of stevia replacement, according to similar previous studies on lemon, 5 and 10% lemon powder levels were selected and added to the product and physicochemical properties were examined. The results indicated that all of the color parameters were reduced by adding lemon peel powder and the cooking loss was lower in the treatment containing 10% lemon peel powder.
    Also, the addition of lemon peel powder increased the stiffness and stiffness and reduced the fringe in the product. Adding lemon peel powder significantly reduced the amount of peroxide in comparison with control. Sensory evaluation results showed 5% treatment was more similar to control. In general, it can be concluded that lemon peel and stevia can be used as a functional composition in cake.
Keywords: Dietary fiber, Stevia, Citrus peel, Phenolic compounds, Cakes
 

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Reduction of social and financial losses and rehabilitation in important buildings as a result of terrorist attacks and accidental blast is vital. In this regards, using concrete slabs as a protective shield is one of the main methods of protection. Currently, many methods have been used for improve the behavior of this element such as FRP sheets, fibers, high strength concrete and composite concretes. Using these methods is not favorable due to several reasons such as: increase the dead load of structure, increase the cost of project, employ high-tech methodology and needed high skilled worker for implementation. Therefore, for ordinary projects and households, these methods may not cost effective and a simple and more cost effective method needed to be implemented. In this paper, the behavior of RC slabs reinforced with steel wire mesh which is easy to implement and cheap was studied analytically under blast loads. To this goal, effect of different parameters such as number of wire meshes, slab thickness and concrete strength on maximum slab displacement, damage areas and performance of slabs were studied numerically. First the model was built in general FEM software and calibrated to existing experimental and analytical studies. Then numerous slabs with different thickness (40, 60 and 80 mm), concrete strength (30, 40 and 50 MP), different layers of wire mesh (0, 1, 2, 3) where considered and analyzed with a general FEM software. The results have shown that increasing of slab thickness, concrete strength and adding different layers of wire mesh reduces the slab displacement and the damage area. Due to higher damage in thin slabs (4 Cm) and low concrete strength (30 MP), the effect of adding wire were higher. Generally, the slab thickness is the most important parameter in controlling the damage in the salbs under blast load, but increasing the concerete strength and adding different layer of wire mesh, reduced this damages. From the viewpoint of slab performance, which is defined by the amount of displacement and plastic rotation of hinges, it is observed that the performance of thicker slabs (60 and 80 mm) were in the life safety or immediate occupancy state which is quite good for ordinary purposes. Using wire improved the performance of these slabs. In the thinner slab (40 mm) the performance of slab with concerete strength of 30 MP, was not satisfy the life-safety requirement, therefore it is needed to improve this performance. The result of analysis were shown that adding different layer of wire mesh improve the performance of the slab and limits that. Although different layer of wire mesh did not have significant effect on improvement of the slab performance, it limits the performance of slabs to the code’s value in several occations. Generally, it can be concluded that adding the wire mesh could reduce the amount of damage to the slabs under blast loads, which was expected results, but this reduction, is not that much significant for many occations. This method is more effective in thin slabs with lower concerete strnght.

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Welding is very important in the aerospace industry and widely used in aerospace structures. One of the problems that most industries are facing is created residual stress by the welding process. Residual stresses in the surrounding areas of welding can cause cracks and crack growth so identify and evaluate of residual stresses in the welded structures is necessary. There are different methods for determining the residual stress. In this paper, the laboratory and numerical methods were presented for determining the residual stress. Then, the welding process of two aluminum sheets of 6061-T6 alloy has been done and the residual stresses have been obtained by drilling method. Welding is done in two passes and by spot welding the first, the end and the middle of the weld line are connected to prevent the sheets from moving. Also, the welding process of the two aluminum sheets was simulated in 3D in the ABAQUS finite element software and the residual stresses were extracted. All conditions in the finite element analysis are similar to the welding conditions in the laboratory. Results show high accuracy in the modeling of finite element processes in the welding process. Finally, the effect of residual stress in the value of natural frequencies is studied.

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Intervening government and performing environmental policies are among solutions for reducing production externalities and achieving sustainable development. Indeed, institutional quality is an effective factor in selecting optimal environment policies. This paper tries to identify optimal environmental policy among common public tools for intervening (pollution taxes and permits) in the presence of environmental and economic uncertainties with various institutional quality degrees. In this paper, institutional quality is included in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model and its effect on choosing environmental policy is considered. The results showed that pollution permit is preferred to taxation on pollution with various institutional quality degrees. In addition, with improvement in institutional quality, if only shock is an environmental shocks, then taxation on pollution will be an optimal policy.