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The genus Spilomena Shuckard, 1838, is reviewed from the Indian subcontinent. One new species, Spilomena keralaensis Rajan, Sureshan & Girish Kumar sp. nov. is described from the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala and differences from similar species are given.

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The pteromalid genus Zolotarewskya Risbec (Pteromalidae: Cleonyminae) is reported from India after a gap of 45 years with the description of a new species and one new species of Cleonymus Latrielle are described from Southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. Affinities of the new species with closely related species are discussed and a key to the oriental species of Cleonymus is also provided. Male of Dipara hayati Sureshan is also described for the first time.

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Three species of the genus Helionothrips Bagnall, namely Helionothrips cephalicus Hood, H. mube Kudo and H. unitatus Chen were collected and identified for the first time from India. Geographical distribution and diagnostic characters for the newly recorded species and a key to identify all the species of Helionothrips recorded so far from India is also provided.

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Baetiella muchei (Braasch, 1978) is recorded for the first time from the Neeru stream of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The variability in larval characters such as size, the shape of the labrum, and the number of the sub-marginal arc of setae in the labrum differs from 12 to 22, degree of fusion of the mandibular incisors, spines on the distal margin of the tergites, distal margin of the paraproct, and the length of cerci are observed from the Indian population when compared to the type specimens. The species number of Baetiella Uéno, 1931 has now increased to six in India. A distributional map of this species is also provided.

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Background: In this study, data were collected from the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and analyzed by Cox regression model. In addition, hazard functions and survival outcomes in COVID-19 patients were also analyzed.
Materials & Methods: One million simulated data on hospitalized patients’ characteristics with positive SARS-CoV-2 infection were collected from the Humanitarian Data Exchange Source in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo from December 2020 to June 2021. Several statistical techniques were developed in this study for data analysis, including Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank test, Schoenfeld residual diagnostics, and likelihood ratio test.
Findings: This study finding showed that there was a 4.5% increase in the expected hazard per unit year increase in age. In addition, the risk of death was higher in males than in females, and patients with no signs of anorexia, ageusia, or anosmia, no history of diabetes or tuberculosis, normal pulse rates, and no hypoxemia had a greater survival rate than those with such health conditions.
Conclusion: This study finding revealed that covariates such as age, gender, anorexia, ageusia, anosmia, diabetes, and tuberculosis were expressively connected with higher mortality rates. In addition, hypoxemia and high pulse rate were associated with higher death rates; however, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant agents were shown to reduce mortality rates, and multivitamin or vitamin C had a substantial impact on patient survival.

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Caenis ulmeriana Malzacher, 2015 is recorded for the first time from the Western Ghats, India. Prior records of this species encompass Java, Sumatra, Thailand, Myanmar, and the Philippines. Notably, the Indian population of C. ulmeriana showcases variability, including slight changes in the shape of forceps in the male subimago and increased denticulation in the midclaw, a reduced number of setae in the Y-ridge of tergalius II, and differing shape of sternum IX in the larvae compared to other continental and island populations. The species number of Caenis Stephens, 1835 has now increased to twelve in India. A distributional map detailing the range of C. ulmeriana in the Oriental region is also provided herein.

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Yellowing and rotting of ginger rhizomes are a severe concern in many ginger-growing tracts of Kerala, where Pythium deliense Meurs has recently emerged as a pathogen from the rhizosphere of infected rotten rhizomes, which is proven to be pathogenic by Koch`s postulates. The present study evaluates the antagonistic potential of ten isolates of Trichoderma spp., isolated from the roots of healthy ginger, against P. deliense, causing soft rot of ginger by dual plate method. The efficacy of volatile and nonvolatile metabolite produced by the antagonistic Trichoderma spp. under in vitro conditions was evaluated against the pathogen. Among the ten isolates, eight isolates such as, ZGC T16, ZGC T17, ZGC T20, ZGC T23, ZGC T28, ZGC T30, ZGC T35, and ZGC T36 showed inhibition on mycelial growth, above 70% in a dual plate assay. The highest inhibition percentage was showed by ZGC T20 (99.19%) followed by ZGC T17 (87.00%), identified as Trichoderma ressei and Trichoderma virens respectively, under dual culture method and moderate inhibition due to volatile metabolites (3.5-39.55%). Nonvolatile metabolites produced by ZGC T20 (65.55%), ZGC T17 (53.95%), and ZGC T36 (53.82%) showed comparatively less efficiency. The potential ones (ZGC T20 & ZGC T17) were further evaluated under the pot culture study and in vivo greenhouse conditions. The study revealed that T. ressei and T. virens have high efficiency in preventing the soft rot of ginger caused by P. deliense.


 

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.A wide variety of barchan dunes are found in south part of Haj Ali GHoli playa, in central part of Semnan province. Barchan dunes of this area have been formed from quick sand, and with maintain of their crescent shape migrate along prevailing wind. Therefore displacement and lateral movements with annual typical trend is the most important of their characteristics.. The Purpose of this Research is Simulation of Barchan movement Using artificial neural networks.Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is a non-linear model that acts similar to a human neural system.In recent years, artificial neural networks have become one of the most promising tools in order to model complex processes such as movement of phenomenas. In many studies, ANNs have demonstrated superior results compared to alternative methods.Obtained results illustrate that ANN predicting model is an applicable tool in predicting ofmovement of phenomenas. In order to check the sensitivity of the ANN prediction model movement of 100 Barchan measured. %70 for training and %30 for validation. In order to evaluate the accuracy of ANN model, observed and predicted data were compared and analyzed. The best accuracy of the model was 0/996. It indicate that ANN prediction model is an applicable tool in predicting of movement of phenomenas

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Gymnema sylvestre, a potential anti-diabetic medicinal plant, is used in many herbal drug formulations. The medicinal properties have been credited to the presence of gymnemic acid, which is effective in controlling blood glucose and lipid levels in the body. Molecular and biochemical variations of seven populations of G. sylvestre were investigated using DNA markers and phytochemical fingerprints of gymnemic acid content. Results obtained through these techniques were used in a comparative analysis and revealed a correlation between genetic variations and biochemical content analysis. Thirteen primers were used for RAPD-PCR analysis revealing 112 bands, of which 62 were found to be polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands detected ranged from 11.1 to 84.6% with an average of 54.2%. The average number of amplified bands per primer was 8.62 while the mean number of polymorphic bands per primer was 5.42. A dendrogram of the genetic similarities among the populations was constructed using the genetic distance coefficients and the seven accessions were clustered into four major groups. The total gymnemic acid content level varied significantly among these groups from 3.84 to 7.12 mg g^-1 DW. A principle coordinate analysis confirmed the results of clustering. Maximum yield of gymnemic acid content (7.12 mg g^-1 DW) was recorded with L7 accession. Results suggest that there might be a positive correlation between genetic makeup and gymnemic acid content; however, this has to be further investigated by using other molecular approaches.