---

This study examines the cognitive processes underlying the comprehension of second language idioms using two different visual instructional techniques, visual representation of literal meanings versus virtual meanings of each idiom’s visual representation. For this reason, two environments (positions) (PFL vs. PSL), two different terms (opaque vs. transparent), and two different sufficiency levels (intermediate vs. advanced) are considered, which involves common teaching methods that use dual coding theory as two different visual techniques with verbal support to teach different types of idioms. The statistical population were 67 second language learners and 63 foreign language learners who participated in this study. A term comprehension test was used before and after the training. The results of repeated measure variance analysis based on pretest-posttest comparisons showed that understanding of SL idioms is different according to the learning environment, teaching technique and the type of idiom. However, it sounds that the level of sufficiency doesn’t affect any group’s comprehension outcomes. The results show that in the SL environment, the figurative technique was more successful than the literal technique. While in the FL environment, using the literal technique compared to the figurative technique, got better scores for the language learner. PSL learners were better than PFL learners in learning terms with opaque meanings, while PFL learners performed better in learning terms with transparent meanings. The results of this investigation support the Dual Idiom Representation Model, which states that PSL learners activate their existing lexical entries and understand them figuratively, while PFL learners must analyze the idioms.

 

---

The present study is an effort to know the place of translation aid tools among students or graduates in French Language Translation as well as professors of French translation courses in Iranian universities. We surveyed these two groups on the reasons and frequency of their reference to each tool and its impact on the speed and quality of their translation, while measuring the effect of factors such as experience in professional translation, judgment and awareness, the need to speed up work, Internet access, knowledge of the English language and the CGPA of students, graduates and professors on the nature and frequency of their reference to these tools. The method used in this research is the cross-sectional survey of Priscilla A. Glasow (2005), the questionnaire being the means of sampling. Fifty students or graduates and twenty professors participated in this survey. General dictionaries, online translators and contextual dictionaries turned out to be the most popular tools within participants, dominating translation memories, forums and speech-to-text converters. We also know that online translators and translation memories provoke controversial opinions among them. In addition, most of the participants practice post-editing in order to increase speed, quality and productivity in translation and the desire to translate.
 

---

This study employs graph theory to analyze the semantic network of Persian verbs among bilingual speakers. Situated within the frameworks of cognitive linguistics, lexical semantics (cognitive semantics), and computational linguistics, the research involves administering a questionnaire comprising 50 basic Persian verbs to participants, asking them to map the conceptual and intra-linguistic relationships between these verbs.The primary objective is to identify the most robust and frequent conceptual and intra-linguistic links among these verbs and to provide a detailed description of the graph structure constructed by bilingual speakers. The study seeks to address the question: What typology of conceptual and intra-linguistic relations is reflected in the graph patterns of non-Persian-speaking Iranians? The working hypothesis posits that semantic relations such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and collocation will manifest in this network.The methodology is field-based, and the instrument used is a localized questionnaire. Participants were instructed to diagrammatically represent any semantic relationships among the verbs provided.The findings demonstrate that the semantic graph constructed by Iranian bilinguals exhibits semantic relations such as synonymy (6.45%), reverse antonymy (34.94%), polysemy (7.79%), entailment (11.01%) (comprising "type-of" relations at 8.60% and "part-of" relations at 2.41%), as well as intra-linguistic collocation (28.22%). Among these, collocation, entailment, and antonymy were the most frequent relations, respectively. 

---

Entrepreneurship is vital for driving innovation, economic development, and sustainability in the agricultural sector, empowering farmers, and ensuring food security. Successful promotion of agri-entrepreneurship demands a nuanced approach that considers both the personal traits of entrepreneurs and the institutional factors. This study employed linear regression analysis and principal component analysis to examine the determinants of entrepreneurial success and identify factors contributing to effective interventions across three distinct entrepreneurial categories i.e., farm-based, off-farm based, and service/tech entrepreneurs. Data was gathered through structured interviews involving two hundred agri-entrepreneurs in Rajasthan and Telangana states. The regression analysis revealed that diverse psycho-personal and socioeconomic variables like marital status, income levels, and achievement motivation were of significant influence. The principal component analysis provided valuable insights into the institutional factors underpinning effective entrepreneurship promotion interventions. Technical factors like tailored project support, financial enablers including government funding and tax incentives, and robust implementation mechanisms involving stakeholder collaboration were highlighted. Operational elements such as; training institute-industry-market-entrepreneur linkages, administrative commitments, and policy consistency, collectively shaped intervention effectiveness across the entrepreneurial ecosystems. This comprehensive examination of individual and institutional determinants offered a holistic perspective on fostering successful agri-enterprises, emphasizing the need for contextualized approaches that align personal attributes with tailored institutional interventions.

---

The beet cyst nematode (BCN) (Heterodera schachtii), and beet curly top virus-severe (BCTV-Svr) (Curtovirus betae) are two important pathogens of sugar beet fields worldwide. Therefore, the reaction of 14 genotypes was separately assessed, using Jolgeh and Sanetta cultivars as susceptible and resistant controls, respectively, in completely randomized design experiments for BCN and BCTV-Svr. Reactions were based on the cyst and egg counts and symptoms severity index. Experiments were performed in the greenhouse of Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, and were repeated twice independently. Based on the results of initial experiments, the S1-960090, S1-940324, S1-960294, and S1-960284 genotypes resistant to the BCN were selected for further investigation. Furthermore, the reaction of the four selected genotypes to BCN, BCTV-Svr, and the combination (mixture) of the two pathogens was evaluated by analyzing their growth, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, and virus accumulation. Resistant genotypes showed higher levels of defense-related enzymes such as catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase, whereas susceptible genotypes exhibited significant reductions in photosynthesis, greenness, and chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid content compared to non-inoculated and resistant plants. This is the first study conducted to search for dual-resistance sources against two devastating pathogens that frequently occur in the sugar beet-growing regions of Iran. Based on the results of this experiment, genotypes S1-960090 and S1-940324 were identified as resistant to both pathogens and are recommended for breeding purposes.
 

---

This study was performed on the collections of the National Zoological Collection of the Zoological Survey of India and described a new species in the “multidentati” Cyphoderus group from Bihar, India. This new species, Cyphoderus bihariensis sp. nov., is described with a distinguishing comparison among other species within this group. The new species is notably large compared to its counterparts in this group. This study also redescribed Cyphoderus javanus Börner, 1906 collected from various localities and habitats across India and provides additional morphological identification characters and chaetotaxy for taxonomic sufficiency. Earlier, India was home to nine Cyphoderus species from various localities across the country. Additionally, an identification key to the Indian Cyphoderus is included.

---

Grass flies of the subfamily Chloropinae were studied in the Shabestar region, East Azerbaijan province- Iran, during 2013–2014. As a result, 26 species belonging to 12 genera were identified of which one genus and three species are as new records for the insect fauna of Iran: Phyladelphus Becker, 1910; Lagaroceras curtum Sabrosky, 1961; Neohaplegis glabra (Duda, 1933) and Phyladelphus thalhammeri, Becker 1910.

---

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent one of the most common occupational health education problems in both developed and developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an occupational ergonomic training educational programon awareness, attitude and work-related musculoskeletal disorders behavior among Office Workers.
Methods and Materials: Firstly,200 office workers from 12 health centerswere recruited. Withresponse rate of 90%, 180 eligible participants, were assigned to receive an 8-week participatory ergonomic occupational training educational program available in Shemiranat, Tehran, Iran. A self-controlled longitudinal study with pre/post design was used to evaluate the effects of the intervention among office workers in 2015-2016. Post-test was then administered to the participants to identify changes at 3 months after intervention.
Results: Totally, 200 participants with a mean age of 37.48 ± 8.78 years old completed this study. The 3-month follow-up rate was 90%. After the intervention, the awareness rate, attitude and MSDs work-related health behaviors were improved. The self-reported prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders for neck, shoulder, upper and lower back pain or discomfort were significantly lower than before intervention (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: The MSDs work related behaviors as well as MSDs prevalence can be improved through the health education program. It is recommended that further research with larger sample and longer follow up be conducted to confirm the findings of this study.

---

The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia has been known as a major pest of small grains, particularly wheat, worldwide. This study evaluated the biological responses of RWA to six wheat cultivars including Yavarus, Pishgam, Aadl, Omid, Darab 2 and Sepahan. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions of 25 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 10 % R. H. and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h. Resistance or susceptibility of cultivares against the aphid nymphal development time, adult fecundity, daily reproduction, total longevity and adult longevity were investigated. The ANOVA of the data indicated that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among cultivars regarding duration of nymphal development time, fecundity and daily reproduction. The longest mean nymphal development time was obtained on Omid and Sepahan, and the shortest on Yavarus. The highest and the lowest total fecundity were observed on Yavarus and Omid, respectively. Also, the highest and the lowest mean offspring produced per female per day (daily reproduction) was observed on Yavarus and Omid, respectively. On the whole, Yavarus appeared to be susceptible to the Russian wheat aphid while Omid was resistant.

---

Background: The kiss peptins and its receptor G protein coupled receptor (GPR54) or KISS1 receptor system are being described as key signaling molecules for reproductive function in animal models and humans. They play essential roles in regulation of the hypothalamic- pituitary- gonadal (HPG) axis and the onset of puberty and fertility. Objective: This study was performed to delineate the association of T305C (Leu 102 Pro) KISS1 receptor gene mutation with idiopathic female infertility in Iranian women. Methods: In this study, 140 healthy women with at least one child and no history of infertility and abortion and 130 idiopathic infertile women were recruited for this study.  By using allele specific PCR (AS-PCR) method, the allele and genotype frequencies among infertile and healthy women were determined. Results: The gene frequencies of the 305 T and C allele of the KISS1 receptor were 45% and 54% among infertile women and 50% and 50% among healthy controls, respectively. The distribution of genotype frequencies in the patients and controls was as follows: TT (Leu/Leu) was 15% and 0%, TC (Leu/Proline) was 60% and 100% and CC (Pro/Pro) was 24% and 0% respectively. Structural analysis was performed using the MedCalc program (version 12). Our results suggests that significant association were not observed in genotype (P=0.8) and allelic (P=0.6) distribution between cases and controls. Conclusions: The data presented show that mutant allele C  is not a risk factor for infertility, suggesting that the presence of KISS1 receptor T305C mutation is probably not associated with idiopathic female infertility in this population (P>0.05).

---

Background: The concept of self efficacy and physical self-concept have been shown to be an effective predictor of behavior in many areas of health. This study investigated the relationships between foot-care self-efficacy beliefs, Physical self-concept, self-reported foot-care behavior in people with diabetes.
Methods and Material: This is a cross sectional study in which the 90 diabetic individuals who had been admitted to the diabetic clinic of health centers located in Mashhad- Iran between the years 2015 and 2016 was invited to be entered into the study. The demographic questionnaire and the self-report "Foot Care Confidence Scale" (FCCS) questionnaire and also the self-report Marsh “Physical Self-Description Questionnaire” (PSDQ) were applied to measure data. SPSS 20.0 was used for the analyses.
Results: Ninety patients with a mean age of 51.82 ± 11.3 years were assessed. There is the significant association between foot-care self-efficacy beliefs and higher foot care behavior. (r = 0.4, P < 0.05). Also, there was a significant association between physical self-concept and foot-care, so that people who had a better physical self-concept had better foot care behavior.
Conclusions: This study has found that foot-care self-efficacy beliefs and physical self-concept improvement could help foot-care behavior improvement among diabetic people.

---

---

This research has tried to define a new approach to translator’s role as intercultural mediator supported by the theories of Sapir and Whorf in anthropologies to find a right perception of interactional relation between language and cultural, which affects translator’s understanding of the reality. To achieve this, a Meta model was proposed that could help the mediator/translator to realize consciously the cultural reality hidden in the text in order to create a meaningful text, which is closer to the main concept of the source text.

---

Aim: Anxiety is a bad and frustrating feeling that causes disturbance in professional, social and educational performance of students, especially those who are living in dormitories. Yoga as an anti-anxiety activity has been practiced in anxiety reduction. To assess the efficacy of yoga in reducing anxiety in students, who live in dormitory.
Methods: Totally, 120 students who lived in dormitory were selected. Students were randomly assigned to two groups and students in case group received ten 60- min yoga sessions. In this descriptive-analytic study, Ketel anxiety questionnaire was used. The data were analyzed via X2, Fisher, and Variance analysis using spss.16. Findings: According to the results of this study, yoga had significant effect on reducing students’ anxiety. Before intervention, there was no significant difference between students' anxiety level in control and experimental groups (p-value: 0.139). However, after intervention, there was a significant difference between students' anxiety level in control and experimental groups (p-value <0.01).
Conclusion: Considering the significant efficiency of yoga in reducing students' anxiety, representatives and those who are responsible should pay attention to yoga more than before.

---

The eggs and larvae of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), are widely used in mass rearing of parasitoids and predators. Feeding indices and some biological parameters of P. interpunctella were studied on bran of different wheat cultivars ('Back-cross Roshan', 'Khooshe Pishgam', 'Khoshki line 9', 'Arg', 'Alvand', 'Pishtaz', 'WS-89-2', 'Sepahan' and 'Bam') when incorporated into artificial diets under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 ºC, 65 ± 5% R.H., and a 16:8 h light-dark photoperiod). The efficiency of conversion of ingested food was highest on 'Back-cross Roshan' (98.79 ± 8.48%) and lowest on 'Pishtaz' (64.56 ± 9.66%). The highest and lowest percentage of mortality of P. interpunctella larvae were on 'Pishtaz' (56%) and 'Back cross Roshan' (12%). Our results showed that larval growth index was highest on 'Khoshki line 9' (5.81) and lowest on 'Pishtaz' (3.33). Moreover, the highest daily and total fecundity were detected in moths that were reared on 'Back-cross Roshan' (37.6 ± 0.93 and 177.3 ± 1.61 eggs, respectively). The results demonstrated that, among different wheat cultivars tested, 'Back-cross Roshan' was the most suitable cultivar for P. interpunctella rearing in order to optimize the mass production of natural enemies.  

---

The effects of pyrene on gill, liver and kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were examined by exposing 30 fish (140 ±10 g to pyrene at sublethal concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 µg/l for 35 days. Samples were taken from the organs and fixed in bouin fixative; then, dehydrated, cleared, parafinated and cut by microtome according to the standard method. Afterwards, all sections were studied by light microscope. In gill tissue, lamella hyperemia, hyperplasia, S shaped, and clubbing were observed, while lamella fusion and necrosis were observed in higher concentration of pyrene. Hepatocytes vacculation, congestion of sinusoids, macrophages loaded with hemosiderin were seen in the liver, while in higher concentrations of pyrene, picnotic and kariolized nuclei, and tissue necrosis were seen. Tubule casts, hyperemia, degenerating tubules were seen in kidney exposed to lower concentrations of pyrene, while hemosiderin-laden macrophages, degenerating tubules with greater intensity as well as necrosis was observed in higher concentrations. The results indicated that pyrene may have negative effects on homeostasis, fish health and vital organs in short time exposure due to histological changes, while it could have greater impacts in long term exposure and higher concentrations.

---

The silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hem.: Aleyrodidae), is a key pest of greenhouse crops. Nymphs and adults feed on plant sap and excrete honeydew, resulting in reduction of yield and quality. This pest has a high potential for developing resistant biotypes against different insecticides. Therefore, it is necessary to study the efficacy of different categories of insecticides against B. tabaci. In this research, efficacy of imidacloprid (0.5 l/ha), thiacloprid + deltamethrin (0.75 l/ha), pyrethrum (4 l/ha) andthiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.3 and 0.4 l/ha) with four replications were studied in a completely randomized block design in Yazd and Bushehr provinces of Iran. Mean (± SE) efficacy of imidacloprid, thiacloprid + deltamethrin, pyrethrum andthiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.3 and 0.4 l/ha) were 73.42 ± 3.41, 89.57 ± 2.86, 90.29 ± 2.79, 68.13 ± 3.37 and 75.62 ± 3.76% against B. tabaci nymphs 7 days after treatment in Yazd, respectively; while in Bushehr, they were 57.30 ± 3.37, 68.45 ± 4.65, 64.17 ± 2.87, 30.0 ± 4.56 and 53.0 ± 3.35%, respectively. Thiacloprid + deltamethrin, pyrethrum and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (at 0.4 l/ha) can be suitable candidates in IPM programs of B. tabaci.

---

Aim: The main objective of this study was to examine the effect of multidisciplinary consulting approach on the marital satisfaction of couples applying for divorce in the Family Court of Borujerd, Iran.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, using a pretest-posttest approach, the participants in group 1 were followed up for one month, three months, and six months post-intervention. The target population included couples applying for divorce in the Family Court of Borujerd. The sample included 130 couples, who were divided into two groups (group 1 with 65 couples who participated in multidisciplinary consulting program, and a group 2 with 65 couples who participated in common consulting program) through block size randomization. The data were collected using ENRICH Scale and analyzed using the SPSS21 software.
Findings: The results revealed the positive effect of multidisciplinary consulting approach on the marital satisfaction of couples (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: When couples apply for divorce, interventions are considered critical, and the sample loss and low efficacy of this program prove this special situation. Given that some families enter this critical stage because they do not know about or do not have access to consultation and problem-solving skills to satisfy their marital life, effective and constrained intervention through establishing and developing such centers seems necessary.

---

Sheykh Shahāb ad-Dīn Suhrawardī, as one of the great Moslem philosophers and theologian, founded his philosophy upon the doctrine of Illuminationism. His theories and teachings have deeply influenced the beliefs and performances of the Iranian artists. In view of this, the present research aims at investigating Suhravardī’s understanding of Illuminationism and hierarchy of lights. It also tries to trace manifestations of the khorrah light (or the Divine Light), which was of utmost significance in Suhravardī’s doctrine of Illuminationism, in the art of architecture. Finally, it is tried to answer the question “Which elements signify the manifestation of the Light - as conceived of in the Illuminationist Philosophy – in the Iranian-Islamic architecture?” Sheykh of Ishrāq [Suhrawardī] called God ‘the Light of All Lights’ [Nūr-ul-Anwār] and believed that the heaven and earth are made of God’s light; and all beings enjoy His light in proportion to their closeness to His light. He also believed that the light as existing at the stages of sense and matter is inferior to the light that exists in the more exalted stages. That is to say, the closer one gets to the Source of Light - ‘the Light of All Lights’ [Nūr-ul-Anwār] – the purer and brighter the light they get will be. Therefore, separation from the matter translates into moving and getting elevated toward the Source of Being and the Light of Existence and avoiding the lowest levels of existence and shadows. Furthermore, there is an eternal tie between art and philosophy/wisdom. The reason is that they are both perceived intuitively and expressed enigmatically. Therefore, it is through meditation and self-discipline that an artist may attain at that angel-like insight, which is the source of all celestial arts. Such works of arts are the fruits of an artist’s quest in the spiritual world and intuitive perception of the truths there. Like the Divine Knowledge and the doctrine of Illuminationism, the traditional art is expressed in the language of enigma, the very characteristic feature that enables it to establish an association between the most far-fetched inward concepts and the most superficial level of the existence in the outward world. From the above perspective, light is considered the symbol of existence in the sphere of the Islamic Architecture; and due to the fact that the mosque, regarded as the heart of the Islamic Architecture, is where all the secrets and mysteries of this architecture is manifested, the present article deals with the symbols of light in the architecture of mosques. The doctrine of Illuminationism propagated by Suhrawardī and other Illuminationist philosophers has influenced the Iranian culture and art (particularly, during the Timurid and Safavid rules, when Sheykh ‘s ideas were in their heyday). As one can obviously see in their works, Iranian architects had a spiritual approach toward light, like the Illuminationist philosophers of their homeland did. Manifestation of the Divine Light in the form of words of Azān [the Call for Prayers] from minarets, provision of light through envisaging lamps in the epicenter of mihrabs (i.e., the mishkāt), installation of Koranic tablets containing verses from the Nūr Chapter, and the arch-shaped mihrabs and the muqarnases therein…, they all appear to be the incarnation of lights, which symbolize the stage on which the Divine Lights shine. Application of ‘shamsehs’, the arrangement of skylights on the domes, the muqarnases that absorb the light and diffuse it delicately, the latticed windows that let pass the light, the reflection of the light in the bright enameled tiles, continuous vaults, and the colorful glasses, which signify the unity in diversity with their harmonious colors functioning as a medium of transmitting the light, and presence of yellow and gold colors symbolizing the Light of All Lights [Nūr-ul-Anwār] in the terrestrial world…, they all substantiate the fact that the Iranian architects had an Illuniationist viewpoint and practiced under the influence of that doctrine Because the Iranian Architecture is all about light and illumination. The survival of everything hinges upon light. For the purpose of this research, data and information were collected through documentation, the research was conducted on a descriptive basis, and the analysis was made in an analytical fashion. Based on the results obtained, no symbol or manifestation compares to the light in terms of its affinity and propinquity with the Divine Unity. For the same reason, the Muslim Iranian architects have tried their best to use light in whatever they created. Elements like the minarets, mihrabs, muqarnas [corbels], tiles, continuous vaults, colorful glass, and conspicuous presence of yellow and gold colors are all symbols of the Light of All Lights [Nūr-ul-Anwār]. In like manner, the concept of ‘Khorrah’ or the Divine Light has manifested itself in architecture through ‘Shamseh’ and application of latticed surfaces like luminous halos under the domes in the Iranian-Islamic architecture. Therefore, the role of light in the Islamic architecture is to symbolize the Principle of [divine] Manifestation. The utmost function of the elements applied in the architecture is manifestation of God; that is, ‘the Light, and the manifestation of the Ubiquitous Light of the firmaments and the earth, that is, the Only True Being. That is why the Iranian architects would try their best to use the element of light in whatever they created. One of the fundamental notions in Iranian’s Doctrine of Illuminationism on which Suhrawardī placed primary emphasis, is the notion of ‘Khorrah’. ‘Khorrah’ signifies observation of the Divine Lights by the spiritual wayfarers [sālek] in course of their spiritual journey. In the traditional art of Persian miniature, khorrah was is delineated as a halo around the heads of the characters. In architecture, the same has been demonstrated in the form of ‘Shamseh’. The circular layout of the skylights under the domes and the way light enters through the latticed windows clearly conjure up the image of a luminary halo in an emphatic mode. Manifestation of the khorrah light in the form of shamsehs and the skylights of the mosque domes can be regarded as another significant finding of this study.

---