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Presence of filler in the polymeric materials changes the mechanical, dynamic-mechanical, rheological properties and even the swelling behavior of rubber composite due to mechanisms such as hydrodynamics, polymer-filler and filler-filler interactions. Swelling in rubber composites directly affects the polymer chains, also can affect indirectly other structures in composites such as the filler network and reduce mechanical properties suddenly. In this study, the nitrile rubber-nanosilica composite containing different concentrations of modified nanosilica was prepared and the composite structure was studied through rheological, mechanical, dynamic-mechanical tests. Also it was found that the filler network containing over percolation threshold 13phr of filler concentration has a significant contribution to the mechanical properties of composites. To determine the swelling effect on the prepared composite structure, with different degrees of solubility were used. The mechanical properties of the samples were measured in equilibrium swelling state for each of the solvents The decrement of the mechanical properties between the dry samples and swelled ones containing 14.4, 20 and phr 6.25 silica in solvent with 15% toluene is significant. These intensive changes in mechanical properties that happen at the low degree of swelling are attributed to the removal of the filler network. Therefore, controlling the swelling of rubber parts in adjacent to the solvent, plays the fundamental role in their performance.

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One of the problems for use of rubber in various industries is the surface tension at the surface of rubbers, which results in the crack on the surface, fracture of the rubber and reduces its service life. These tensions are caused by contacting the rubber component with the metal surface and the friction between two surfaces. Roughness of the surface, the composition of the rubber compound, the environmental factors, test conditions and etc. affect the friction between rubbers – metal. Surface roughness plays an important role in sliding between two surfaces and mainly controls friction behavior. On the other hand, roughness effect on the coefficient of friction is controllable using a suitable lubricant. In the present study regarding to the application of JP4 as an aviation fuel, the effect of JP4 fuel as a lubricant was investigated in the reduction of the sliding friction coefficient between the NBR and aluminum surfaces with different roughness. Experimental studies showed, friction coefficient has a good correlation with the mean surface roughness (Ra). By applying JP4 lubricant, the coefficient of friction decreased by about 75%. JP4 fuel as lubricant has changed the trend of varying friction coefficient from decreasing to increasing regard to the surface roughness.

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In this study, first using documentary research method, the nature of language in the web-based electronic communication, besides different methods of improving communicative and linguistics competence in teaching languages online, were investigated. Then considering the importance of language faculties' familiarity with the role of computer-based teaching in the development of linguistic competence and communicative skills necessary for translating or teaching all foreign languages (esp. Persian to non-natives), a descriptive survey method was used to investigate the familiarity of foreign language faculties with the strategies and technologies used in e-teaching-learning process applied in teaching languages online. The results of the 68 questionnaires filled in by English, French, German and Persian faculties of seven universities offering classical and virtual programs indicated that most of language faculties are not familiar with web-based strategies and techniques in teaching or learning foreign languages. Considering the need of our country for the experts who are able to communicate with the scientific scholarly networks in the world to obtain or transfer related knowledge and those who are able to use at least one international language of their fields thoroughly, planning an online faculty training program can be an essential measure to improve teaching or translating foreign languages at the academic level and also lead Persian language to find its proper position in the cultural, educational and scientific world networks.

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Previously published works of literature were reviewed to prepare the checklist of grasshoppers under the family Acrididae from Nepal. The present checklist of grasshoppers under the family Acrididae includes 69 species belonging to 41 genera, and 18 tribes with 11 subfamilies. Oedipodinae (17) was the most species-richest subfamily followed by Gomphocerinae (12), Catantopinae (9), Oxyinae (7), Cyrtacanthacridinae (6), Acridinae (6), Eyprepocnemidinae (4), Coptacrinae (3), Hemiacridinae (2), Calliptaminae (2), and Spathosterninae (1). This checklist will be also helpful to forecast outbreaks of grasshopper species and apply appropriate management approaches.

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Radiative heat transfer must be considered in retail refrigerators with glass doors. Some methods have been proposed for reducing radiative losses, like usage of double glased windows filled with argon or other types of transparent material with low emissivity in infrared band. For evaluation of thermal radiation in commercial refrigerator compared to infiltration loss, thermal conduction and facilities loss, a three dimensional model has been developed. In this model all wall surfaces are isothermal and evaporator with specific temperature located in roof. The radiative properties of glass are considered as actual. The results show that decreasing internal temperature of cabinet incentive radiation losses. These losses are almost independent of window surface temperature. Increasing of emissivity factor of evaporator, causes increasing of thermal radiation flux of evaporator which can be used in design improvement. Radiation flux of each surface have been compared with convection flux. This comparison show the importance of covering windows in unutilized times.

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Irony after the Socrates and Plato onward has created too many subjects but still there is not a general consent about the definition of it which could specify it. But all the scholars agree that irony presents kind of concealment which is something against the real idea of the poet. Irony is an overview of the world which from one hand consists of literary words such as: allegory, satire, sarcasm, scorn, paradox and criticism and from other hand it can tie two opposite sentiment of laughing and crying in a way that no other literary devices can do such a thing. In this way Bakhtari who is considered as one of the successful poets had used irony in his poetry as a skillful poet in a way that it both reflects the above mentioned literary devices and laughing and crying sentiments too. This paper tries to analysis the “announcement of earth’s Inheritance” which is the only collection of Bakhtari and shows the real life pain and problems of Afghanistan people who lost their lives and were under the presure of Taliban government. Bakhtari by reconciliation of the opposits and by an ironic look at the social, cultural, and religious issues shows how much the poet can be successful in using irony as a device to criticize social and political status of Afghanistan.

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This paper reports a new addition to the national bumblebee fauna of the Indian Himalayas. The newly recorded species viz., Bombus cryptarum (Fabricius, 1775) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) is fully described from the Gurez Valley (Jammu and Kashmir) and Panamik (Ladakh) in the Western Himalayan range. Males of the B. cryptarum have thoracic dorsum and T2 lemon yellow without black hairs. Gonostylus with the anterior apical process with long hairs and penis valve greatly broadened and flared outwards. With the addition of a new record, the Indian Himalayan region is now represented by 57 species of bumblebees. The species diagnosis, current distributional range, and host plants of this species are also provided.

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The larval feeding preference and damage potential of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on promising cotton genotypes/hybrid were studied during 2004 under laboratory and field conditions at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India. Third and fifth instar larvae were allowed to feed on different types of fruiting body (squares, flowers and young bolls) of various genotypes/hybrid in the laboratory to determine the relative feeding preference by the larva. For studying damage potential, the larvae were allowed to feed individually up until pupation on a single or all types of fruiting body of different genotypes/hybrid, both under laboratory and field conditions. The mean num-ber of fruiting bodies damaged by a larva was determined. The results indicated that the arboreum genotypes (HD-123 and HD-324) and the hirsutum genotype, H-1226, were pre-ferred by neither third nor fifth instar larvae for feeding. The order of preference of the remaining genotypes/hybrid was HS-6> H-1117> HHH-223 (hybrid)> H-1098 with respect to third instar and HHH-223> H-1098> H-1117> HS-6 for fifth instar larvae. Among dif-ferent fruiting bodies, the third instar larvae exhibited greater preference for flowers while the fifth instar for young bolls, irrespective of genotypes. Under laboratory condi-tions, a larva damaged more squares, followed by flowers and young bolls. Larvae caused significantly greater damage to fruiting bodies in the arboreum than the hirsutum geno-types/hybrid during the course of development. The hybrid generally recorded signifi-cantly lower square and boll damage. Under field conditions, a larva from hatching till pupation required on average 9.00 squares, 7.88 flowers or 4.20 bolls of H-1098 when re-stricted to feeding on a single type of fruiting body but 1.25 squares, 2.75 flowers and 2.12 bolls when all types of fruiting bodies were available to.

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Field studies were conducted during the cotton crop seasons in 2003 and 2004 at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, to identify mortality factors in the egg stage of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the insecticide-free cotton fields to gain an insight into the role of these factors in causing egg specific mortality. Eggs were collected from cotton fields on different dates during September-November and brought to the laboratory for determining egg viability and level of parasitism. Similarly, plant parts bearing eggs in the field were tagged on different dates and observed daily to assess egg loss. The correlation of egg loss with various abiotic factors was determined. The mean viability of field collected eggs was 75% and 89% during 2003 and 2004, respectively (pooled mean egg viability of 82%). It was 51.34-66.55 (Mean: 59.72) % in the case of eggs deposited in the field by the laboratory-reared females. Eggs were parasitized by Trichogramma chilonis Ishii during September-October and mean parasitization was 25 and only 1-2% during 2003 and 2004, respectively. There was a positive correlation of % egg loss with wind velocity and rainfall as evident for multiple correlation coefficient values, i.e. 0.92 and 0.60 for 2003 and 2004, respectively. A partial ecological life table constructed for egg stage indicated that 23-44% mortality occurs at this stage. Important factors responsible for egg mortality/loss were identified as T. chilonis, inviability, rain, wind and unexplained mortality.

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This study aims to examine the elements of stylistics in three stories. They include three poetical narratives by ʿAṭṭār in mystical genre pivoting around the character of Ḥallāj.
The main research question of are: a) According to which stylistic mechanisms of narrative are the narrative-stylistic elements explained? And b) How are these elements reflected in the narrative discourse?
This study hypothesis check the components of Simpson's narrative discourse to determine the stylistic features.
 Therefore, analysis of the texture of these narratives showed that in total, material processes with 16 applications had more performance than verbal process with 3 cases, mental process with 13 cases and behavioral process with 1 case.
 The research uses library method for collecting data and is analytical in nature, employing the methodology proposed by Simpson in his Stylistics approach.
The results indicate the extent of characters’ collaboration by analysing the processes. In terms of point of view on the temporal plane, there is no specific time since all three narratives revolve around Ḥallāj. The descriptive pause is another example of this point of view and narrative time in the stories is longer than story-time. In the second story, however, the narrative is denser and more concise.
An example of a point of view on the temporal plane can be seen in the three discourses of narration using "the use of past verbs", "descriptive pause" and "narrative time" in two narratives, and the narrative of “ tashte khakestar va amadane ashegh" is rejected.
 Naturally, from the spatial point of view, referring to space is not pertinent because it the prestige of Ḥallāj which is the focus of the author.
All three narrative discourses confirm Hallaj's high position on psychological plane . The point of view is the third person in all three stories. In the first and third stories, the third person perspective is reflective, and in the second story, the third person perspective is prominent.
 Modality has some features in narratives of Ḥallāj: since the narrator narrates Ḥallāj’s emotions and the Lover’s character by direct speech, it has a positive shading. This may be explained using Fowler-Uspensky model.
 In terms of idiolect, the words uttered as the Lover’s reaction to see the Beloved’s (i.e. Ḥallāj’s) ash and finding a trace of the latter are in line with the mystical context of the story. All three stories of Ḥallāj can be discussed in view of Labov’s ‘textual structure’.
Therefore, in future research, it is possible to examine the textual structure of the elements of this model in the narrative context by examining the structure of the text in other anecdotes of mystical poetry and consider the anecdotes related to elders. The results of this study showed that in almost these three stories, the result , the solution and the terminal phase are the same, and the reason is Attar's advice, which replaces any kind of analysis.
With regard to intertextuality, two stories ‘Ḥallāj in the gallows’ (Ḥallāj bar sar-i dār) and ‘Ḥallāj decapitated in sleep’ (Ḥallāj bā sar-i burida) are referred to in other texts.
The results of this study clearly show that the study of narrative stylistics and the application of its components have mechanisms that are suitable for analyzing different levels of narrative discourse context. In addition, this study provided an understanding of the style of Hallaj's narratives that had not been previously explored.
 
 

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In this paper, it is tried to propose a robust model for predicting inflation in Iran among alternative models. For doing this, monthly data from April 1990 to the end of September 2009 is used. Firstly, it is tried to determine whether the CPI data is chaotic or stochastic. It is shown that it is chaotic rather than stochastic. Therefore, it is predictable. Then, a stochastic differential equation model is estimated (specifically a geometric Brownian motion) for CPI in Iran. In order to compare the prediction power of the model other alternative models of prediction like ARMA, non-linear GARCH, EGARCH, TGARCH are also used to extrapolate inflation during a six month prediction period. Based on RMSE, MAE, U-Tail, it is revealed that stochastic differential equation model is much more robust than the alternative models mentioned above.

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"Language" and its related issues are one of the most challenging aspects of philosophy and new critical approaches in reading religious texts. This is highly important in postmodern critical approaches and especially the Derridian reading of texts, which is one of the tools of some neo-Mu'tzalites in reading the Quranic text due to the authenticity of the language in these approaches. This has caused serious challenges due to its distinctive view on language. In this regard, the present research aims to "explain" two different views from the perspective of Derrida and Mulla Sadra in order to provide the conditions for the visibility of two approaches to being and knowledge through the window of language and the extent of the possibility of such readings with an analytical-comparative method. The findings of the research illustrate Mulla Sadra's view of existence, knowledge, and language, and his belief in the system of formation and education, which is derived from three sources of knowledge, the intellect, the heart, and revelation, and the divine language which has three creative stages. Considering the formative and legislative as well as the sub-territorial features of human language, Derrida's view on the third linguistic level can be examined from this point of view, and due to Derrida's failure to proceed from the intellectual-philosophical method, it was argued that he could not go beyond the "verbal" stage (in the epistemic system of creation.

1. Introduction
Contemporary reading of Holy Quran through critical and linguistic approaches based on the philosophical and post-modern criticism by some neo-Mu'tzalites has creates serious challenges for the Islamic communities. For example, Nasr Hamed Abuzayd mentions in his book On the Meaning of Text that although language is one of the most important tools of social communication and culture, one cannot consider any text out of culture and the actual reality of that text. Without any distinction between the language of divinity and material dialectics, he considers the language of Quran as a cultural construct. Considering the importance and status of language, truth, meaning, and elements of different readings, this study focuses on two Islamic and western thinkers’ thoughts on the relationship between truth and being. In other words, the study analyzes the ideas of Mulla Sadra – considered by some as the representation of post-modern Islamic civilization – and Derrida – as a Jew thinker familiar with mysticism – to compare their approaches regarding language. It compares and contrasts their ideas on language to investigate language as a whole, and the principles and meta-structures in detail. Therefore, this analytic-comparative study happens within comparative philosophy and explanatory framework to compare a phenomenon with its samples to realize the two approaches regarding knowledge and being from the linguistic point of view. It is evident that the comparative approach toward this topic can shed light on the differences regarding the theories and ideas of these two thinkers, and show the similarities in their views on language. The aim is to answer the following research questions:
1. What is the role of language regarding being and knowledge in Quranic-based approaches of Mulla Sadra and Derrida?
2. How far Mulla Sadra’s reading of Quran’s language can leave space for Derridian reading of this text?
Accordingly, the following hypotheses were put forth:
1. It seems that the approaches of these two thinkers regarding language is very similar and both prioritize language to being and knowledge.
2. Considering the hypothesis on the similarity between the two approaches on language, one can claim that Mulla Sadra’s approach and his philosophical view on Quran affirms the Derridian approach to the same text.

2. Findings
Mulla Sadra relies on three sources of intellect, heart, and revelation, and three schemes of originality of being, suspicion of existence and intrinsic movement which refer to independence of being, meaning that the divine and being in the hierarchical system is based on cause and effect. The first cause is the divine force which is the speaker, and the speech is the actual potential. The God’s speech is the final outcome of its perfectionism which appears in two forms of non-verbal and verbal which is realized through manifestation and representation of the world, and the other one is verbal which occurs through the writing of Quran for understanding the world. God manifested in its speech and is the actual being. The world happens through the divine speech. The divine speech is on its own (the world) and it is prior to knowing. This priority of language to being is the commonality between Derrida and Mulla Sadra which confirms the first hypothesis of the research, the difference being that Derrida is human’s speech unlike the divine word, and it is not based on a perfect being borrowed from language. It also does not go beyond the reliance on others from Mulla Sadra’s perspective. Based on Mulla Sadra, Quran is God’s speech and a reference. However, Derrida only believes in the written and even departs it from the status of a book.
Based on Mulla Sadra, to understand the divine language, one needs a learned science and divine one, but Derrida only relies on the learned science since he does not go beyond the intellectual-philosophical level.
Based on Mulla Sadra’s approach and his theory of integrity of being, the invented speech and the religious one are based on a holistic and hierarchical being, not a plural and diverse meaning, but a deep-seated one. The level of understanding depends on the reader which is different from that of Derrida’s which is based on plurality of meaning. In Mulla Sadra’s approach, the speaker in the Quranic text is an infinite being, an actual presence. Understanding this presence is based on the feature of comprehension, the lack of which is the lack of comprehension. Therefore, the language of Quran is a technical language.
The divine speech is an actual action and the meaning of speech is actual speech. In religious words, the purpose is non-verbal, however, in both cases, presence and purpose are unchangeable. Therefore, based on Mulla Sadra’s approach, Quranic text does not welcome Derridian reading. Accordingly, the second hypothesis is rejected and some Mu'tzalites’ reading of Quran which are based on Derrida’s theory needs revision.
According to Mulla Sadra’s ideas on human’s speech, as human is a representation and sample of the divine, and a lower version, he can reach the actual divine speech if perfection happens for him as well, which can on its own account bring along the divine names for him, and all three aspects of divine speech in invention, interpretation, and realization manifest within the person. Nevertheless, when human stands in lower position where the actual knowledge is not within his reach, using language at the lowest possible level of asking for things through language, the meaning of speech is anything but speech, which merely means words and verbal speech. Human should dwell on a lowering curving path through manifestation and understanding in order to reach knowing, after which the rising path leads to development. Therefore, knowing is prior to language, and language is representation.
Derrida’s approach is based on the lowest level of language. Based on his own assumptions and philosophical mentality, Derrida does not try to achieve perfect truth and divine knowledge, since this divine world is denied in his western metaphysics, centering human on its conception, which is surprisingly rejected by the post-modernists. Although one cannot ignore postmodernism's spirituality, even as some consider some type of postmodernism as a return to religion, this return is thoroughly individual spirituality which does not rely on any truth. However, the religious spirituality is absolutely perfectionist and divine. Nonetheless, Derrida’s reading is the lowest possible level of human language which occurs in material world, though one can claim based on Mulla Sadra’s approach that this level of reading is not actually possible as words are merely resources through which the level of some underlying absolute meaning are accessible, not a source of plural meaning.
Although Derrida relates the world as God’s writing due to his Jewish background, and like Mulla Sadra, considers the word as the cause of being, he traps God within the language. Mulla Sadra, however, posing the theory of being, considers God the cause of all causes, which has been caused before anything, and language, compared to the perfect being, is the occurred and secondary feature. If both of these figures consider the world as a part of God’s written, Mulla Sadra believes in the world as the actual and descriptive representation of the higher perfect speech and being, while Derrida distinguishes the writing from the book and looks for plural meaning and evolution of the world based on the holy book. It should also be mentioned that writing and speech is fundamentally different from the perspective of these two thinkers

 

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English proficiency as the content knowledge for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers determines their instructional quality. However, previous studies have not focused on the significance of this knowledge in support of Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) on technology adoption in teaching. Therefore, this study aims at finding out the correlation between TPACK and technology applications, and how technology applications link to teachers’ English proficiency levels. The study adopted a quantitative method, and the data were collected using two questionnaires in Likert scale, one for TPACK and another for technology application. Teachers’ English proficiency levels are determined using the content knowledge dimension of TPACK. The questionnaires were completed online by 74 English pre-service teacher graduates who had participated in a national teacher certification program involving real teaching practice. The data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient to determine the correlation between TPACK dimensions and technology adoption and ordinal logistic regression analysis to find out the effect of teachers’ English proficiency levels on technology applications. The results show that most TPACK dimensions correlate to technology applications with the level of correlations between 0.26 (weak) and 0.47 (moderate). English proficiency has been found to affect technology applications only among teachers who regularly used technology in teaching. Teachers with high English proficiency used technology in teaching 3.06 times more frequently than those whose English proficiency was low. Therefore, it is recommended that English proficiency development be inscluded in teacher professional development to ensure that teachers use technology in teaching 

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Harold Bloom's "anxiety of influence" theory is one of the postmodern flows influenced by Nietzsche's philosophy and Oedipus Freud's theory of relationship between poets and critics, relying on two terms "backward" and "predecessor".Based on this theory, every poet tries to free himself from the anxiety of his influence by employing different mechanisms and proving his independence from the predecessor. Ignoring the extent to which this theory can be applied to all poets and critics, as Harold Bloom puts it. The study of the poetic collection "Al-Ketab", in the present moment" and the assignment of this collection to the text, along with the recitation of the poet's life and poetry by Adonis, are the main motivation.The authors used a descriptive-analytical approach to read this series in the light of the theory of "anxiety of influence ". The results showed that by using modern historical criticism and deconstruction in relative reading, Adonis attempted to exert his independence in three stages by employing mechanisms of influence retreat, denial of sanctity, and self-criticism of the predecessor.