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Some safer strategies were designed and evaluated for management of apical leaf curling (ChiLCV) in chilli Capsicum annum L. and its vectors. The strategies were designed emphasizing on the repellent crop theory and the components like physical barrier, adult-trapping, plant sanitation, foliar application of phytochemicals and minimal application of synthetic organic pesticide. The crop was infested by some sucking pests namely, Chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, aphid Aphis gossypii Glover, yellow mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) and whitefly Bemsia tabaci (Gennadius). However, the populations of aphid and whiteflies were low and leaf curl virus which is vectored by any of the above creatures, did not appear in the present studies. Some management strategies were devised to suppress the pest populations as well as their damage and obtain good yields. However, strategies with phytochemical-based treatments which utilized neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) and rose apple Syzygium Jambos leaf extract (rose apple LE), could not offer satisfactory protection and yield was also quite low. But when these treatments had the support of a limited quantity of synthetic/semi-synthetic pesticides like emamectin benzoate (one application) and chlorfenapyr (one application) along with the plant fractions, showed much better suppression of pest populations like thrips and yellow mite as well as apical leaf curling intensity (0.94–1.12%). In all the treatments except chemical check and untreated check, some components were utilized as common part and these were: yellow sticky trap, repellent cropping with coriander and holy basil and plant sanitation. The strategies effectively suppressed the landing response and development of the pest populations which resulted in lower crop damages and sponsored good yields. These were safer to non-target beneficial creatures, cost-effective and comparable to chemical method.

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Avicenna did not explicitly present a distinct theory titled "Theory of Emotions" in his works. However, based on scattered references, it appears that the core of emotions, in his view, is evaluation, divided into two categories: motivational and non-motivational. Another component that seems common in all instances of emotions is pleasure and pain, although there is also evidence against this claim. There are ambiguities in Avicenna's text regarding the relationship between emotions and the body, but most evidence favors the assumption of a non-essential relationship between emotions and the body. Concerning the relationship between emotions and ethics, the conceptual analysis of virtue as one of the pillars of ethical discourse indicates a necessary relationship between emotions and virtues, suggesting a connection between emotions and ethics.
 

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This paper provides the first occurrence report of Pisaura novicia (L. Koch, 1878) from India, based on male and female specimens collected from the ecozone area of the Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area, Himachal Pradesh. The distribution of the species ranges from the Mediterranean to Central Asia. The previous Indian records of the genus are only from the coastal belts of Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat, thereby the current study extends the range of Indian Pisaura spp. northwards to the Western Himalayas.

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Free surface vortex formation phenomenon at intakes is one of the most important problems in the water withdrawal process. In the present study, the free surface vortex formation was experimentally investigated. Experiments were performed on a single intake with three common intake withdrawal directions (vertical, horizontal and with angle of 45°). One of the main objectives of present study was determination of the strength of vortices. The tangential velocity component of vortices was measured by an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). The results indicated that, by varying the withdrawal angle from vertical to horizontal, the strength of vortices decreased by about 31%. Based on analyzing of experimental data, an empirical relationship between the circulation number and Froude number for various submergence depths was developed for each withdrawal direction. The critical submergence for an air entraining vortex at intakes was also investigated. The results indicated that the critical submergence was considerably affected by the changing of withdrawal direction. It could be concluded that the minimum of critical submergence was occurred at horizontal direction. Based on analysis of the experimental data for each withdrawal direction, an empirical equation was also obtained, which is used to calculate the critical submergence. The results also were compared and analyzed by other researcher’s investigations and showed satisfactory agreement.

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One of the most frequently encountered cases of rapid varied flow is the hydraulic jump. Stilling basins are used to dissipate the excess kinetic energy of flow to ensure the safety of overflow spillway, chutes, sluices, pipe outlets etc. in this study the topic of block in stilling basins is investigation in a general approach and it’s effect on energy dissipation and downstream scouring are analyzed. In the present research, the energy dissipation and scouring phenomenon were studied in different hydraulic and geometric conditions. Moreover, the present paper was focused on the effect of presence of blocks as an effective parameter on energy dissipation on stilling basin performance. To analyze and assessment of formed hydraulic jump in the stilling basins, the experimental data of many recent researches were achieved and compared. It was concluded that presence of blocks has significant effect on energy dissipation from 1% to 34%. It is also shown that with increasing the Fr Number, the secondary depth increases and the using a rough bed causes reducing the secondary depth between 18% to 37% in comparison with smooth one. Moreover, installing a rough bed also reduced the length of hydraulic jump between 27% to 67%. Using block in the stilling basins, reduces the scouring depth from USBR standard recommendation. Finally, it was concluded that using blocks increased the efficiency of the stilling basin performance.

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In the present study, free surface vortex dynamic was experimentally investigated in a horizontal intake. Air entrainment rate into the intake due to the air-core vortices was also discussed. The results presented are the relationship between the vortex type and the intake hydraulic parameters, general pattern of surface displacement of the vortex core and its relation with the vortex type, the required time duration to fully development of the vortex core, and finally evaluation of the vortex induced air entrainment rate. In this research by defining intake number as intake Froude number over the intake relative submergence, a relationship was established between the vortex type and the intake number. Moreover, it was shown that while the intake number increases, surface instability of the vortex core decreases, in which, for the intake numbers greater than one, surface movement of the vortex core is limited to an area of the twice of the intake diameter. Then, another relationship was also established between the time requirement of the vortex air-core formation and the intake number, and it was shown that there will be an exponentially decrease in the mentioned time scale, while the intake number increases. In this context, a relationship was suggested and compared with one of previous works. In the last section, the dependency between air entrainment rate due to the air-core vortices and the intake number was considered, and another relationship was also suggested and compared with previous works.

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Plant growth-promoting microbes are known for protection of plants against a number of phytopathogens. In the present study, we used Pseudomonas fluorescens OKC and Trichoderma asperellum T42 singly as well as in combination in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under challenge of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc). Two cultivars of chickpea were used, viz., L550 susceptible to Foc and Avarodhi resistant to Foc. Root exudates obtained from the two cultivars of chickpea were analyzed and showed higher amount of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) accumulated in the microbe-treated plants compared to microbe un-treated control. Maximum phenolic content was observed in exudates of OKC treated plants in both cultivars. Interestingly, in OKC treated plants, TPC was higher in the exudates of the susceptible cultivar L550 compared to the resistant cultivar Avrodhi. Gallic acid content in the exudates also confirmed the pattern of TPC in the treatments. Wilting due to Foc was significantly reduced in the OKC and T42 treated plants compared to the untreated plants and thereby showed a positive correlation between TPC in exudates and reduction in Fusarium wilt. Higher TPC in the susceptible cultivar compared to the resistant cultivar clearly indicates the roles of OKC and T42 in reducing the wilt symptom whereas no wilting in the resistant cultivar may be explained due to genetic factor. High total chlorophyll content in the OKC and T42 treated plants of L550 also show the role of the microbes in maintaining a good health of the Foc challenged plants.

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The formation of a vortex at the mouth of power plant intake is one of the unfavorable hydraulic phenomena that occur during dewatering of dams. More precisely, the formation of vortex flows in the openings of the intake disturbs the proper functioning of the intake structure. vortices cause problems such as oscillating in the system, reducing turbine output, increasing hydraulic losses in the intake openings, entering the air and particles into the intake pipe and eventually reducing its efficiency. In recent years, various scholars have conducted extensive studies on the phenomenon of vortex. In the meantime, research has been carried out experimentally using mechanical devices and less attention has been paid to the natural phenomena existing on the level of reservoirs of dams and their impact on the vortex. One of the most important natural phenomena that occurs in the reservoir of dams is the waves that can affect the vortex. In this research, with the aim of investigating the effect of waves on the vortex, numerical simulation of waves in the openings of vertical intake has been studied in various vortex formation conditions. In this regard, three class of vortices A, B and C were simulated in numerical model and the results were investigated after dealing with waves. To simulate the flow in the vertical intake, the model designed by Sun and Liu was used. This model is designed in a cylindrical shape with four rectangular inlets, with a vertical intake located at the center and end of the cylinder. In the present study, the model was studied in three-dimensional and two-phase mode, so that numerical simulation of vortex and wave can be investigated with this approach. In order to reduce the computational time to solve the equations, Euler's method was chosen and the turbulence was simulated using the LES model in STAR-CCM Software. After sensitivity analysis, 3 mm grid dimensions were selected. For computational mesh domain, a Cartesian coordinate was used and the free surface was considered using the VOF method. Accordingly, after formation of three classes of vortices A, B and C in the numerical model, three waves with a/d ratio of 2.6%, 1.3% and 0.3% were generated and the effect of their collisions on vortices was analyzed. The amplitudes of the waves are determined in relative proportions of the reservoir water's height and are not far from reality. The results showed that the waves reduced the components of tangential, radial and axial velocity. According to the results, the maximum component of the tangential velocity at the time of the presence of waves is reduced by about 14%, 19% and 23%, respectively, in the class A, B, and C vortices. The radial velocity component is also reduced by about 9%, 13% and 18% for the A, B, and C vortices, respectively. The maximum axial velocity was also reduced to 26%, 13%, and 23% for class A, B, and C vortices, respectively. According to the simulation results, the decrease rate with decrease decreasing wave amplitude, which means that smaller waves can lower the velocity components and thus weaken the vortex flow.

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A study was conducted at Makaltala and Farmania villages of Habra block, North 24 Parganas,West Bengal, India, to know the extent of tribal women’s participation in farming activties. Rice-Jute-Mustard rotation was predominant in the study area. The results showed that participation of tribal farm women were 28.3 man-days on an average during the crop seasons. Participation in farming activities during mustard crop season in terms of average man-days was more (11.81) when compared to paddy (9.48) and jute (7.01). The involvement of women was more in transplantation, weeding, and harvesting activities. Most of the farm women were middle aged, illiterate, had high economic motivation and social participation. The independent variables like education and economic motivation had significant positive relationship, whereas age and social participation had significant negative relationship with participation of tribal women in farming activities. Lack of education, knowledge, and skill, lack of child care facilities, low income derived from agriculture, etc. were the major constraints expressed by the tribal women. Skill development among the tribal farm women regarding the new simple agriculture technologies suitable to their location will have a far reaching impact on improving the tribal farm women’s participation in agriculture, improving their confidence in farming.

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Airports are one of the most vital infrastructures of any country, which play an important role in transporting cargo and passengers to different parts of the world. The preservation and optimal use of airport resources and assets is one of the main goals of airport managers. On the other hand, airlines have a special concern on saving time, fuel consumption, maintaining passenger satisfaction, and so on. One of the most important resources in the world's major airports are the gates of the passenger terminals of airports, which have an undeniable aspect in the better performance of the airport. The assigning of aircraft to these gates has long been a concern for researchers in operations research as well as air transport activists. This research deals with the issue of assigning aircraft to the passenger terminal gate. The problem of optimal gate assignment is a complex issue and requires consideration of many parameters and variables in order to achieve the desired result. In this research, it’s tried to solve the gate allocation problem by presenting a suitable model. Providing an appropriate linear model is one of the main challenges of the problem. A special attention has been paid to the issue of safety. Therefore, by applying safety restrictions, a suitable model is provided. The main purpose of this study is to minimize the scatter of idle (lost) gates while not preventing mismatch between flight size and gate and also justifying safety needs. These cases are assigned and examined in the framework of the optimization model in this research. To solve such problems, which are usually not possible by manual calculations or are very time consuming, the metaheuristic algorithms are used. Since because NP-Hard nature of problem, it is very time consuming and difficult in the usual way. Therefore, this study tries to provide an efficient and fast way to solve the gate assignment problem. In the proposed method, first all the sentences of the objective function were considered as, then all were divided into two categories of hard and soft constraints. On the other hand, in the model of the basic method, the power of two terms in the objective function is used. The proposed model was modified. In the end, it was tried to modify the terms of the objective function and constraints in such a way that in addition to meeting the expectations and constraints of the problem, it allows the use of two flights from the same gate (MARS effect) to increase resource efficiency. The method is based on a genetic algorithm that includes the initial population, selection, combination or mutation, generation of a new offspring, and re-selection. In this study, 5 scenarios with various flights and gates have been used. The improvement of total idle times in the first scenario was 72.75%, in the second scenario 76.92%, in the third scenario 82.38%, in the fourth scenario 82.38% and in the fifth scenario 79.67%. All of results. Show the efficiency of proposed model.