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Collecting data of the family Halictidae are reported in Gorgan county, Golestan province, northern Iran. We collected 30 species belonging to 5 genera in 3 subfamilies. Among them, Lasioglossum (Hemihalictus) croceipes (Morawitz, 1876) and Halictus (Seladonia) confusus Smith, 1853 are recorded from Iran for the first time and 18 species are new for Gorgan county. Among 112 collected specimen, the subfamily Halictinae (27 species), genus Lasioglossum (14 species) and subgenus Lasioglossum (5 species), representing the major groups of halictid bee and Halictus (Halictus) brunnescens (Eversmann, 1852) was the most abundant species in the study areas. Knapweed flowers (Centaura spp.) had higher halictid bee taxa richness. An updated checklist of halictid bees of Gorgan county is provided.

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During the collecting of Hypogastruridae (Collembola) in Mazandaran province, Xenylla mediterranea da Gama, 1964 was reported for the first time from Iran. With the new record in this study, the number of Xynella species known from Iran increased to four. Information for specie including material examined, description, ecology, distribution, and illustrations are given.

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Biological and demographic parameters of the mealybug ladybird, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) were evaluated on citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) and obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) under 24 ± 2 ºC, 80 ± 5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h. The mealybugs had a significant effect on developmental time and reproductive and demographic parameters of the ladybird. Life span (egg to adult death) was obtained 220.85 ± 5.78 and 119.44 ± 2.1 days when fed on Pl. citri and Ps. viburni, respectively. However, mean number of eggs per female (fecundity) and mean percent of egg hatching were significantly higher on Ps. viburni than on Pl. citri. In addition, values of intrinsic rate of increase (r_m), finite rate of increase (λ) andnet reproductive rate (R₀) were significantly higher on Ps. viburni than on Pl. citri.The values of intrinsic rate of increase were estimated 0.081and 0.094 day^-1 on Pl. citri and Ps. viburni, respectively. Results of this study suggested that the obscure mealybug is a more suitable prey than the citrus mealybug as the ladybird displayed shorter developmental time, and higher fecundity and growth rate when fed with obscure mealybug.  

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Gorgan, is a city in northern Iran where its moderate and humid climate and fertile soil provides an appropriate condition for various arthropods and crops. Although, species diversity is relatively lower in agricultural systems than pristine ecosystems, several soil mite populations are successfully adapted to both tilled and untilled lands. Following a faunistic study of heterostigmatic mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Heterostigmatina) in dry rice cultivations in some areas of Gorgan, eight species from six genera of five families were collected and identified. For the first time we report six species for Iranian arthropod fauna as well as several new host associations. Finally, we reviewed the world distribution of the recovered mites and further provided a key to Heterostigmatina of dry rice cultivations in Gorgan city.

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Duty of Care is counted as a new and independent basis in civil liability that originates in French legal system. At first, this theory was addressed in transportation contracts domain and gradually it finds its way in the judicial precedents and other forms of contracts like labor contracts so far that it can be said that today Duty of care  is not limited to the legal activities and contracts but also it can be applicable in Torts.the only defenses in regard to Duty of care as one the basis of the strict liability is force majeure and lack of fault cannot result to reduction of the undertaker's liability. Because of the necessity of human healthcare as on the the most important human rights, duty of care analysis in Medical obligation Domain is more than ever necessary. So duty of care as the physician's obligation rule on treatment contracts regardless of any contractual compromise or the parties lack of knowledge about its existence. Duty of care implies that medical treatment should be without any implication of harm to the patient. It should be said that physician's obligation is obligation to means and this has no effects on duty of care theory. Because duty of care only means the no physicians should bring in no unnecessary harms to patient and nothing more.

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A breach of a contractual obligation can not only cause damage to an obligor but also cause damage to third parties. The damage resulting from breach of contractual obligations is mainly material or moral for which a contracting party can claim within the framework of contractual civil liability and a third party can claim in the realm of non-contractual civil liability. However, today there are also other types called pure economic losses have no material origin (property or body) and may cause by a third party or contracting party due to intentional or negligent breach of a contractual obligation by the obligor. In this type of loss, the liability of obligor toward obligee is less questionable but the liability of the obligor to a third party for these damages is discussed in legal regimes. In British Law, the liability of the contractor against a third party is exceptional while in Iranian law there is no general rule allowing a third party to sue contractual party for a breach of contract, however, the general duty of the contractual obligor to take care of the third party in the direction of the principle which can be invoked in the contract, and also the rules of civil liability, protect the legal rights of the injured party. It seems that despite the lack of an explicit text, its design is not far from the mind, this is what will be comparatively expressed in this article based on an inspiration of the provisions of British law.
 

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One of the issues in the scope of general rules of obligations, is analyzing the different types of contracts. Suspended contract, as a type of contract, is one of those issues that the analyzing its nature and effects has been subject of many discussions and disagreements among the jurists and lawyers. In the Civil Code of Iran, the allocation of one article to the above mentioned issue, alongside the belief in the invalidity of a suspended contract, in Islamic jurisprudence, or disagreements on which, has caused ambiguity in the effects and rules governing the suspension of contracts in the Iranian law. As a result, there is no general rule regarding the status of a suspended contract in the Civil Code of Iran. Whereas, certain articles of the Civil Code of France, have been allocated to suspended contracts. Doctrines and judicial precedents have made efforts to complete the regulations related to the effects and rules of suspended contracts. Accordingly, the present research, holding a comparative approach to the position of Islamic jurisprudence and French law, tries to explain the status of suspended contracts in the Iranian legal system.