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Shot hole caused by Wilsonomyces carpophilus is one of the main constraints to prune fruit production in Iran particularly in Khorasan Razavi province. It causes foliage shot hole in spring and early summer; fruit-spotting and cankers on limbs and twigs during autumn rains. The fungus was isolated from the lesions of twigs and was purified on PDA. The pathogenicity and virulence on detached twigs of stone fruit tree species was examined in vitro. Virulence of the pathogen as measured by lesion length was significantly different among the different host species, showing the nectarine as the most susceptible species. In contrast to other hosts, sour cherry did not show any canker on shoots or twigs and disease progress was just as tissue colonization by the fungus hyphae. However, other species such as prune, cherry, apricot and almond did not show significant differences. The results of bud and shoot evaluations indicated that the fungus overwinters as hyphae and conidia in buds, and in the form of hyphae as well as thick-walled globular chlamydospores in twigs. Additionally, viability of recovered conidia ranged from 33 to 90% throughout the dormant season. A better understanding of disease cycle and survival mode of the fungus will help to manage and prevent the disease.

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Botrytis fabae is one of the most important fungal pathogens attacking the leaves and the stem of faba bean Viciafaba L. and causes severe yield losses. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of four chemical inducers (salicylic, citric, ascorbic and oxalic acids) and one fungicide (Carbendazim) against B. fabae in field and glasshouse conditions. Under field conditions for two seasons and glasshouse experiments, plants treated with salicylic acid showed substantial and significant decrease in the disease severity on the leaves and the stem compared with the control and the fungicide. Salicylic acid was highly effective and controlled the disease better than Carbendazim which provided only partial protection. In vitro, the inhibition of fungal growth was investigated and showed that salicylic acid was the best inhibitor of fungal growth (48%) followed by oxalic (39%), ascorbic (33%) and citric (10%) acids 6 days after incubation. An important increase of total phenols was recorded in treatment by salicylic acid in the healthy and infected leaves of faba bean 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after inoculation. These promising results on the control of the main fungal disease damaging faba bean in Tunisia and other regions will have an important impact on faba bean production.
 

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Backgrounds: Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection is mainly manifested as erythema infectiosum in children. Primary B19V infection during pregnancy is accompanied by a 30% risk of fetal infection, especially in epidemic conditions. Given the important impact of parvovirus B19 infection on maternal and neonate health, this study assessed parvovirus B19 susceptibility among women of childbearing age in Mashhad, northeast Iran.
Materials & Methods: Serum samples were collected from 185 women aged 20-35 years living in Mashhad. Cluster sampling was performed in different health centers located in the city to cover the main city area. A commercial ELISA kit was used to measure IgG antibodies against B19V. This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards mentioned in the declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was taken from all participants. A questionnaire was filled by each participant. SPSS software Version 11.5 was used for statistical analyses.
Findings: Anti-B19 IgG was observed in about 31% of women. Seroprevalence of anti- B19 antibodies among different age groups (with 5-year intervals) was not significantly different (p=.839). Also, there was no significant difference among different city areas of Mashhad in terms of anti-B19 IgG seropositivity (.39, p>.05).
Conclusion: The prevalence of parvovirus B19 infection varies in different parts of the world. Comparing to other reports, the present study revealed a rather low immunity against parvovirus B19 among women in Mashhad. These findings highlight the potential risk of B19 infection in non-immune/susceptible mothers, which may lead to sever outcomes, especially during epidemics.

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We report the discovery of the parasitic wasp, Anomalon cruentatm (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Anomaloninae) for Syria. It is the first record of A. cruentatm in Syria. It was collected in a greenhouse in Lattakia province. Its description, distribution and photographs are provided.

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Stenomesius japonicus (Ashmead, 1904) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was collected for the first time from larvae of the tomato leaf-miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) infesting Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. in Syria. Diagnostic morphological characters, biology and distribution of the newly recorded species are provided. Its role in the biological or integrated control of T. absoluta remains to be evaluated. A list of all eulophid wasps recorded from Syria is also provided.

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Semiotics of the human environment is better known to us. The human environment is the world in which we live and we need to adapt to it. This article tries to scrutinize the conditions and the human environment in women's sports activities. Questions that are posed include: What is the body-language in women's sports, and how the interaction of the biological and cultural system creates and develops a discourse in society? Are signs of the body linguistic and make sense? What role do cultural requirements and implications play? Our hypothesis is that one cannot never rely on cultural requirements and advance decision-making discourse by judging, but it is necessary that these questions be able to persuade the public. Therefore, the first set of biological factors and its extension to the set of cultural factors of the semiotic environment are evoked, then we approach the role of sportive, cultural discourses and even pro-enunciations. In this article, we will try to better understand the semiotic nature of the action, the actors, the roles and the functions, as well as object of the value or the exercise of the object. But the great attention should be paid to sensory and axiological affairs whose absence can lead to a theatrical scene in women's sport. We will therefore shed light on the layer of the power and the need for legal support and the media in sport.
 

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In this paper, Effects of runback ice accretion on NACA 23012 airfoil have been studied experimentally and numerically. For this purpose, experiments were applied on runback ice within Reynolds number of 0.6×〖10〗^6 over the angle of attack from 0 degree to 20 degree and then results were compared with the results of clean airfoil. Generally, Having examined behavior of the flow pattern and aerodynamic coefficients of the iced airfoil the results of which were compared to that of the clean airfoil, it can be concluded that icing phenomenon affects aerodynamic performance of the airfoil in two ways; in the first way that occurs at low angles of attack prior to stalling of the airfoil the effect is local .In this case ice accretion on the airfoil contributes to formation of a flow separation bubble behind the ice ridge on the upper surface of the airfoil. After numerical simulation of flow field, flow separation bubble behind the ice ridge was observed. The main effect of icing which is related to the second way occurs at angles of attack close to stall and post-stall. In this case flow pattern around the airfoil as well as aerodynamic coefficients undergo a fundamental change. In addition, it was made clear that runback ice causes stall angle decreases 2 degree and maximum lift reduces about 8 percent.

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Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators are one of the new devices for active flow control, which has received substantial attention during the last decade. The performance of the actuator is optimum when it induces the highest velocity per unit of power consumption. Since the induced velocity and the power consumption of the actuator depend on many different variables, finding the optimal set, which results in the best performance, is of immense importance. In this paper, in order to optimize the performance of these actuators, at first, by using full factorial design of experiments the effect of electrical variables (including voltage and frequency) and geometrical variables (including the gap between electrodes, dielectric thickness, and covered electrode width) on induced flow velocity and power consumption in steady actuation is experimentally investigated. Then, by using the multi-layer perceptron neural network, a model is created for the ratio of induced velocity to power consumption. The model is validated both statistically and experimentally. The results indicate that the coefficient of determination for training and test data is higher than 95 percent. Finally, the surrogate model is optimized by genetic algorithm and the optimal value of electrical and geometrical variables is determined. In order to validate the result, an actuator is designed based on the optimal set of variables and it’s ratio of velocity to power is measured to be
29.71 (m/s)/(kW/m). The difference of 3 percent between the measured and the predicted value demonstrates high accuracy and correctness of the proposed model and method.

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Various studies on cars aerodynamics focusing on the Ahmed body model as a standard and simplified shape of a road vehicle have been carried out in recent years. In this paper plasma actuator as an active flow control method has been employed to control flow around the rear part of an Ahmed body with the rear slant angle of 25°. Experiments performed in a wind tunnel in free stream velocity of U=10m/s using steady and unsteady plasma actuator excitations. Pressure distribution on the rear part was measured by 52 sensors, and also total drag force was extracted by a load cell. More over smoke flow visualization was carried out to determine the flow pattern around the body. The results showed that employing plasma actuator not only has an effective influence on pressure distribution on the rear slant surface, but also reduces total drag force in steady and unsteady excitations 7.3% and 5%, respectively. As a result, based on flow visualization and pressure distribution tests, plasma actuator in steady state actuation, could distract D-shape vortices and suppress the separated flow over the rear slant.

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The ability to control the flow, is one of the basic needs of Fluid Mechanics that constantly pursued by researchers. One of the new methods in this area, is using Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators that by injecting momentum into the boundary layer, causing a delay in the phenomenon separation. The main object in this work was to help to optimize the electrical parameters to obtain stranger vortex and more effective ionic wind created by steady and unsteady plasma actuators on the air through the flat plate. For this reason, simulation is done for a flat plate with the compressible 5 m/s velocity airflow. The time averaged velocity profiles of the ionic wind show that averaged velocity come more and the position of the maximum velocity come near the surface by increasing the excitation voltage and frequency. The power, of the vortices that are shed form the unsteady actuator, increases by increasing duty cycle percentage. Our results on the ionic wind velocity on different position on the flat plate indicate that the maximum averaged velocity occurs in downstream of plasma actuator.

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The objective of this study was to detect the level of SNP variations of rbcL gene sequences among and within Prunus species including 17 locally cultivated and wild relatives of Prunus, and two species of the subfamily Maloideae (Malus domestica and Pyrus communis), as out groups. The rbcL sequences were amplified, sequenced, and aligned to determine Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). The rbcL gene tree of the samples showed two main clusters. The first included the outgroup taxa (M. domestica and P. communis); and all Prunus samples in the second cluster including Prunus armeniaca, which separated in a subcluster. Our results indicate that rbcL gene sequence analysis provides a well-defined tool to study relationships within and among Prunus species, and can be successfully used in constructing reliable phylogenetic tree for Prunus accessions.

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 In this research, the turbulent isotropic flow has been experimentally investigated. Hence, two different grids are made and a contraction channel is installed behind it inside the subsonic wind tunnel to generate an isotropic turbulence flow.  The grids with mesh sizes of 2/54 cm and 5/08 cm were cut on the wood with obstruction ratio of 0/34 and 0/17, respectively. One-dimensional hot wire was used to determine the perturbation velocities in the direction of flow, and an approximation was used to determine the components of other directions. At speeds of 5 m/s and 10 m/s, experiments were performed for each of the grids, which range from a Reynolds number of 8500 to about 33000. To determine the onset of the isotropic location, methods of velocity skewness, kurtosis, turbulence intensity, dissipation rate, and longitudinal scales such as Kolmogorov and Taylor lengths were used. For skewness and kurtosis, the numbers show 0 and 3, respectively, which indicate the isotropic flow. Results showed that with increasing the velocity, the isotropy of the flow was delayed. Also, in a grid with a lower obstruction ratio, the intensity of turbulence will be less near the grid, but as it moves away from the grid, the intensity of turbulence will increase.

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The fifth season of archeological excavation of Konar Sandal Mound Hill in Jiroft (located in southeast of Iran) in 2006 was characterized by discovery of a clay monument on the wall of one of the architectural spaces there. With dimensions of 110 × 95 cm and 18cm thickness, the monument is regarded as the unique and oldest clay relief ever discovered (third millennium BC). On the one hand, historical and artistic values of the unique monument and its location in the site and environmental and human threats causing serious damages to it on the other hand, has made its documentation ever more necessary. The study of constituting materials and building techniques of the monument was done through macroscopic (field and visual study) and microscopic (optical and electron) methods as well as chemical analysis of elements and compounds on the clay foundation and its color layers (FT-IR, XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDS). The results suggest that the clay monument was built in two parts, namely the built-on torso and lower torso (skirt) which was carved out on a cob wall. Then, a delicate finish layer made of clay was put on the colored layer. The finish layer was made by using mineral pigments such as limonite (yellow) for covering the body (i.e. arms, chest and waist scarf), and Ochre hematite (red) and carbon (black) for ornament of embossed skirt. The used clay soil is of montmorillonite type which reacts, expands and contracts significantly due to humidity variation.