Showing 64 results for Forest
Volume 0, Issue 0 (12-2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
Measurement and examination of unobservable variables directly such as inflation expectations or potential output, is really challenging. Inflation expectations have been considered a key variable in many macroeconomic models, particularly in the realm of monetary economics. Macroeconomic models assume that economic agents make consumption, savings, and labor market decisions based on their perception of future inflation levels, and these decisions play a great role in realizing economic variables, including inflation. The role of inflation expectations differs from other inflation-generating factors. While factors such as money supply, budget deficit, exchange rate, and to some extent, economic sanctions can be considered as policy tools. Inflation expectations normally result from the interaction of other factors and may potentially predict future inflation. For example, an increase in the budget deficit, if not addressed independently by the Central Bank, can lead to an increase in money supply, inflation, and intensification of inflation expectations. Thus, inflation expectations can be considered as a variable that evolves within society and changes due to other inflation-generating factors. However, once formed, these expectations themselves become significant factors in inflation and other economic variables. Unlike many countries, in Iran, despite the importance of inflation due to decades of double-digit inflation, no action has been taken to produce and provide survey data related to this variable. However, according to existing literature, comparing the results of alternative methods incorporating inflation expectations with survey data can provide valuable insights. In practice, incorporating inflation expectations can improve the performance of inflation prediction models.
Methodology
Empirical research indicates that methods that consider inflation expectations along with its fluctuations and dynamics outperform models that do not consider these dynamics. Therefore, paying proper attention to how inflation expectations form and fluctuate, as well as avoiding simple methods, is necessary in calculating inflation expectations. In this research, an attempt was made to calculate and present data related to this variable in the framework of rational expectations for the period of 1996 to 2021 using the random forest regression method, considering the strengths and weaknesses of each method of mapping inflation expectations. Subsequently, after learning the random forest-based model, by conducting an in-sample prediction, the data were extracted and the features related to rational expectations regarding these data were examined.
Findings
The coefficient of determination value for the test data was found to be 80%, indicating that, on average, 80% of inflation variations are correctly predicted by economic factors using the model inputs or features. Based on this and by examining the features related to estimation residuals, it was determined that economic factors in predicting inflation do not exhibit systematic errors and, with a sufficiently large time interval and having an adequate information set, can have a proper understanding of inflation behavior. Moreover, the results of comparing inflation expectations based on random forest regression-based predictions show superiority of this approach compared to competing methods such as the Hodrick-Prescott filter. After that, the importance of each of the factors in the basket of information related to inflation expectations was ranked. It should be noted that the selection of features for predicting inflation expectations was not based on the direct attention of households and economic factors to these features. Rather, economic factors and households may find the effect of these features in other evidence. For example, the effect of an increase in the exchange rate on the prices of goods that are somehow related to this variable may be apparent to households, and fundamentally, the prevalent interpretation of rational expectations in the literature of this field is based on this approach. The results of this ranking indicate that among the entire information set, factors such as inflation breaks, exchange rates, and economic sanctions had the highest importance in shaping inflation expectations.
Discussion and Conclusion
It is worth mentioning that inflation breaks have been identified as the most important factor among the entire information set as a manifestation of the adaptive section of inflation expectations. However, this does not mean that expectations are entirely adaptive. Based on the research findings, it is clear that if economic factors rely solely on the adaptive section to predict inflation, zero estimation error, unpredictability of errors, and consequently the formation of rational expectations will not be achieved. Using a combination of three approaches: gradient boosting algorithm, random forest algorithm, and linear regression, a voting regression was also performed, showing a 3% improvement in determination coefficient compared to random forest (83%). Moreover, other results, such as the order and intensity of feature importance, and predicted inflation values, are similar to the random forest method with slight variations which means, estimating rational expectations is reliable
Alexandra D. Hernández Hernández, Marcio L. de Oliveira, David R. Diaz-Guevara, Cristina Alarcón-Ortiz, Alex Pazmiño-Palomino,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (9-2025)
Abstract
Orchid bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini) play a vital role as key pollinators in the Neotropical forests. Their preference for forested areas makes these bees more susceptible to environmental changes, particularly in areas under severe human impact, such as the Chocó-Darien biodiversity hotspot. This study presents new data on orchid bees within the Canandé Biological Reserve, a lowland rainforest in the Chocó region of northwestern Ecuador. At this site, four species of orchid bees were recorded for the first time in Ecuador: Euglossa bursigera Moure, 1970, Euglossa crassipunctata Moure, 1968, Euglossa villosiventris Moure, 1968 and Eufriesea macroglossa (Moure, 1965). We also provide species-specific information on diagnosis, distribution maps, and high-resolution images. With these records, the total number of orchid bee species recorded in Ecuador now stands at 119.
Samira Farahani, Ali Asghar Talebi, Hossein Barahoei,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (9-2015)
Abstract
A seldom collected parasitoid of the pine aphids, Praon bicolor Mackauer, 1959, was captured in Malaise traps, mounted near the pine forests of Alborz Province (north central of Iran). It is the first record of this species from Iran and from the central Asian area. A brief diagnosis according to the morphological characters is presented and the host range within the conifers aphid parasitoids is also discussed.
Volume 2, Issue 4 (12-2014)
Abstract
Studying forest degradation through evaluation of soil nutrient concentrations, which reveals soil functioning within the ecosystem, is necessary for sustainable management of land resources. This research was conducted to understand the changes of soil nutrient, resulting from exploitive management using some soil features and their spatial pattern. In the mid-summer of 2014, two sites were selected consisting of an undisturbed forest site (FS) and a completely deforested site (DS); both sites were in lowland part of Khanikan forests located in Mazandaran Province, north of Iran. Within each site 50 soil samples were obtained from 0-30cm depth along two sampling lines with 500 meter length thus resulting in 100 soil samples for each site. The interval between samples along lines and also the distance between lines were selected 10 m. The mean pH was lower at the DS (5.70) than FS (6.58). The mean of soil organic carbon (SOC) was significantly higher at FS (2.78 %) when compared with DS (0.56 %). Total nitrogen (N) also followed the same trend having significantly higher values at FS (0.28%) than DS (0.16%). Mean available phosphorus (P) values were significantly higher at the FS (17.33 mg kg-1) than at the DS (7.24 mg kg-1). The amounts of available potassium (K) were significantly higher at the FS (148.15 mg kg-1) than DS (84.14 mg kg-1). A geostatistical analysis revealed that deforestation changed the spatial variability models and fractal dimension of soil features. As a conclusion, the spatial variability of soil pH and SOC were more imposed by deforestation compared to the other soil features. Our results suggest that deforestation should be regarded as an effective factor on variability of soil nutrient that are tied to forest ecosystem management.
Ibrahim Khalil Al Haidar, Md. Farid Ahsan, Syed Abbas, Md. Tarik Kabir,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (3-2017)
Abstract
Butterflies of the Inani Reserve Forest were studied between May 2014 and May 2015. One hundred twenty five species of butterflies belonging to 84 genera and six families (Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae and Nymphalidae) were recorded during this study. The highest number of species comprised Family Nymphalidae (38 species, 30.4%) followed by Lycaenidae (35 species, 20.8%), Hesperiidae (26 species, 20.16%), Pieridae (16 species, 12.8%), Papilionidae (9 species, 7.2%) and the Family Riodinidae comprised the lowest (one species, 0.8%). The abundance of recorded butterflies was calculated in term of Very Common (20 species), Common (29 species), Uncommon (32 species), Rare (23 species) and Very Rare (21 species). The butterflies preferred different types of habitat (viz., Grass Land, Crop Land, Open Forest, Scrub Forest, Dense Forest and Bamboo Patches). Thirty species of butterflies were regularly observed in all kind of habitats, 69 species preferred multiple habitats (8 in 4 types, 24 in 3 types and 38 in 2 types of habitat) and 25 species were recorded only in a single type of habitats. Mud-puddling of 36 species were also observed. During this study, Zinaspa todara (Family: Lycaenidae) was the first time record in Bangladesh and Euploea doubledayi (Family: Danaidae) was recorded after 150 year later.
Volume 3, Issue 2 (4-2001)
Abstract
Foliar analysis of natural deciduous tree species of basswood (Tilia americana L.) (BA),
American beech (Acer grandifolia Enrh) (BE), and white ash (Fraxinus americana L.)
(WA) was carried out in 1994 in southern Quebec. The Diagnosis and Recommendation
Integrated System (DRIS) was developed from the traditional method to find the preliminary
norm and indices of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg for the above species. The growth decade
1983-1994 in a high yielding sub-population was used to develop DRIS norms for the
identification of DRIS functions and indices in relatively depleted levels of those elements
in the declined growth of three species. Foliar nutrient deficiencies were found with K
(-3.72) and N (-2.96) for basswood, Ca (-10.43) and Mg (-4.93) for beech, and N (-6.16), Ca
(-2.56) and K (-2.05) for white ash. The DRIS analysis indicated that basswood and white
ash were relatively depleted of K and N, while beech had a deficiency of Ca and Mg, and
white ash had a limitation of N. These results suggest the usefulness of DRIS for foliar tissue
analysis as an indicator of nutritional status and elemental stresses in natural forests.
The DRIS indices were also discussed from the traditional approach.
Volume 3, Issue 2 (6-2015)
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess pure planted species (i.e., Alnus subcordata L., Poplus deltoids L., Taxadium distichum L. Rich) and a mixed natural forest (i.e., dominated by Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey. - Carpinus betulus L. - Parrotia persica C. A. Meyer) on basis of some soil quality indices in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Sixteen samples per stand were taken from the top 10 cm of soil and bulk density, texture, water content, pH, EC, organic C, total N, available nutrients, earthworm biomass, microbial respiration, fine root biomass with organic C and total N of litter layer were determined. Nine criteria (i.e., silt, EC, K, Ca, Mg, microbial respiration, fine root biomass, nitrogen mineralization and litter C/N) were selected according to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as Minimum Data Set (MDS). The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was employed to assign the data integration in an index. The calculated overall priority based on nine criteria, showed that the A. subcordata forest type had higher ecological potential (0.370) compared to the other stands. Whereas, P. deltoids mixed natural forest and T. distichum with ecological potential of 0.295, 0.213 and 0.122 had next priorities, respectively. As a conclusion, the N-fixing species, A. subcordata, was found more efficient in improving soil quality in degraded forest regions
Volume 3, Issue 4 (12-2015)
Abstract
The control of biological, hydrological and geochemical cycles of soil is the key part of the earth system. The objective of this research was to evaluate changes in soil chemical properties due to deforestation occurred in the Gazafolya Village, Merek Watershed, Kermanshah Province, Iran. Toward this attempt, 35 soil samples were collected from top soil layer using auger in early June, 2013. Soil analysis including pH, carbonate content, electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium (Na), soil organic carbon (SOC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were made. The results showed that there were no significant differences between soil pH, carbonate content, EC and Na in the forest and rainfed areas while there was significant difference (P> 0.005) between SOC in the forest (2.10%) and rainfed (1.35%) areas. The semi-variance analysis also revealed that the spatial dependence class of SOC in the forest was strong, while it was mainly moderate in the rainfed areas due to improper plowing practices in the rainfed area there was moderate. In addition, the results showed the soil CEC in the forest and rainfed areas were 33.3 and 25.1 cmolckg-1, respectively, indicating significant higher level in the forest area. Semi-variance analysis also revealed a strong spatial variation for CEC in the forest. Finally, there were no significant differences for EC and Na with moderate spatial variation in both areas. It was concluded that SOC and CEC significantly reduced by severe deforestation phenomenon of Zagros Forest.
Volume 4, Issue 2 (6-2016)
Abstract
The effect of forest roads on the extent and type of fire damage occurred in forests and rangelands of the Neka County in Mazandaran province was investigated. For this purpose, all fire spots, stand number, percentage and type of injury and damage to tree species, and average diameter at breast height (DBH) were noted with 100% inventory; area and geographic location of access roads were determined using GPS. The results showed that distance from the main access road had a significant correlation with the area of fire spots, but no significant correlation existed between the distance from the strip roads, skid ways, town of Neka and the area of fire spots. The factors influencing fire severity were analyzed using the stepwise regression model. Model also showed that just the distance from the main access road affected the area of fire spots. For every one meter increase in the distance from the main access roads, the area of fire spot was increased by 1.545 m2. Further, the extent of fire can be controlled by reducing the distance from the main access roads.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (9-2016)
Abstract
Carbon sequestration in soil, leaf and litter of three tree species, viz. Eucalyptuscamaldulensis, Prosopisjuliflora and Ziziphus spina-christi, plantation was investigated in the Dehloran city, Iran. Results showed that the amount of sequestered C in leaf, litter and soil was significantly different among these species. The highest amount of sequestrated C was in leaf and the lowest amount in the soil. The results of this study would be useful for selection of appropriate species to develop green space and forest parks. Forest plantation of these areas would capture significant amounts of atmospheric C, and would be expected to contribute to soil quality and conservation.
Volume 5, Issue 1 (3-2017)
Abstract
Finding a minimum allowable radius length of a circle horizontal curve is essential to reduce earthwork cost or damage to the forest ecosystem, as well as make driving more comfortable. The present study is conducted i) to analyze different radius lengths of circle horizontal curves using an integrated approach consists of a Civil3D in concert with the field surveys, and ii) to propose a set of geometric design criteria which are more consistent with the existing condition of forest road network in Hyrcanian forest, north of Iran. Depth of the rutting (i.e., machine footprint) and soil mechanical properties are examined for a total of 36 existing horizontal curves with different radius lengths. Further, technical characteristics (i.e., stopping sight distance, horizontal sight line offset and turning speed) and a few parameters on pavement damage are included and incorporated into the research objective. No-statistical differences between radius lengths of the horizontal curve for classes of 10-15 and 16-20 m may associate with dissimilarity in the soil mechanical properties and in the dimension of the rut depth. These findings confirmed that it is therefore possible to shorten allowable radius length of a circle horizontal curve to at least 12 m under a longitudinal slope of 5% for forest road network in the north of Iran.
Mohammad Reza Babaei, Seyed Ali Asghar Fathi, Hassan Barimani Varandi,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (6-2019)
Abstract
In this study a total of 37 syrphid species belonging to 25 genera were identified in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. One genus and species, Brachyopa (Brachyopa) bicolor (Fallén, 1817) and two species Heringia (Neocnemodon) latitarsis (Egger, 1865) and Cheilosia soror (Zetterstedt, 1843) are recorded for the first time from Iran. In addition, saproxylic syrphids of Iran are briefly discussed.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (9-2017)
Abstract
Background: In this study for the first time terrestrial laser scanning survey was implemented on upland Hyrcanian forest, through which a and new method was applied to automatically extract DBH and tree position as a necessary step for height calculation and fitting the clustering as a circle.
Materials and Methods: Tree height extracted by fixing a cylinder around the trees center. The accuracies of these methods were investigated by field measurement. Among 4 shapes fitting algorithm, Monte Carlo had more suitable result to fitting circle in each height above the ground.
Results: Tree detection rates were 85% for Carpinus betulus and 87% for Diyospyrus lotus with respect to field measurement. R2 and RMSE for DBH measurement were 0.98, 2.06 cm for Carpinus betulus and 0.98, 1.26 cm for Diyospyrus lotus. Value of R2 and RMSE for height measurement were 0.96, 3.37 meters and 0.93, 3.02 meters for Carpinus betulus and Diyospyrus lotus, respectively.
Conclusions: The accuracy of DBH by TLS is very suitable, and about the height of trees we extracted underestimated value in comparison to field measurement and that we need to develop more effective algorithms in order to reach more accurate measurement of trees’ height in Hyrcanian forest.
Sudabe Amini, Jamasb Nozari, Reza Hosseini, Rassol Rahati,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Bark beetles are one of the most important pests in forests. Because of their small size and highly similar morphological characters, molecular approaches may be quite useful for a valid species determination. In this context molecular identification represents an accurate and modern method for species identification. The purity and high quantity of extracted DNA have important role in successful amplification of the target fragment of the genome. The aim of this study was comparing different DNA extraction methods in order to choose the highest quality and quantity of DNA extract for the identification of bark beetles. During the study bark beetles were collected from different parts of the North forests of Iran. Five different DNA extraction methods were performed and evaluated on individual specimen including Chelex, Phenol chloroform, CTAB, salting out and Lysis buffer in the laboratory. The quantity and quality of extracted DNA were measured by spectrophotometer and gel electrophoresis. The result of DNA quantity mean ranged between (23.6-579.7 ng/µl) and the mean quality which was measured by 260/280 ratio (0.9-1.8). The statistical analysis was done by SPSS software, revealing significant differences between extraction methods. The results suggested that Chelex and salting out showed the highest quantity of all used methods.
Vahid Rahiminejad, Sarina Seyedein, Ahmad Nadimi,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (9-2020)
Abstract
Following a short-term faunistic study on soil inhabiting heterostigmatic mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Heterostigmata), during spring-winter 2019, in Gorgan, Golestan Province, northern Iran, a total of six species from five genera of two families were identified. Among them Promicrodispus pumilis (Sevastianov, 1975) and Premicrodispus montanus Khaustov, 2006 are new records for mite fauna of Iran. The genus Promicrodispus Khaustov, 2017 is recorded for the first time for the mite fauna of Iran. Moreover, Pre. akermanae (Sevastianov & Al Douri, 1988), Paramicrodispus scarabidophilus Hajiqanbar & Rahiminejad, 2012, Pygmodispus (Allodispus) latisternus Paoli, 1911 and Scutacarus sphaeroideus Karafiati, 1959 were collected from soil in the sampling sites. The world distribution of the mites is reviewed.
Volume 7, Issue 2 (4-2019)
Abstract
Aims: Different types of land use have different effects on carbon stored in their pools and Co2 . We compared carbon storage in different pools (tree, litter, and soil) across main land uses Mishkhas watershed in the of Ilam province, Iran.
Materials and Methods: Oak forest (Quercus brantii Lindl.; Lu-F) and orchard (Juglans regia L; Lu-O) in 4 different ages were determined for estimation of carbon stocks in tree biomass, the litter, and 20 cm depth of soils in two land uses.
Findings: The results showed that total carbon stocks in Lu-O ecosystem (68.75 Mg ha-1) than Lu-F (41.22 Mg ha-1). In general, soil at the two land uses was as estimated about 91% and (37.61 Mg ha-1) 82% (57.01Mg ha-1) total carbon stocks in Lu-F and Lu-O, respectively. The above ground biomass of trees was as and contained a lower contribution of total carbon stocks (roughly 6% and 15% in forest and orchard ecosystems). The least carbon , about 2% of the total carbon stocks in Lu-F and Lu-O occurred in litter due to the grazing intensity.
Conclusion: As a conclusion, our findings confirm that land use type can significantly effect on carbon stocks in different pools. Therefore, management strategies are needed to enhance the forest carbon sequestration in Mishkhas watershed of Ilam province.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (7-2019)
Abstract
Aims: 2005 DashteBarm forests of Fars province image is used to investigate and evaluate the capability of Quickbird satellite imagery to differentiate tree canopies regions from no-tree areas.
Materials and Methods First, the validity geometric correction of satellite image was assured. By systematic random sampling, 79 square footages of (20*20) in ARCGIS 9.3 software was designed and on the footages’ places of the combined image from Quickbird panchromatic band and multispectral band, the samples of no tree canopies and tree canopies areas was obtained. Then, 20% of the footages were considered as test samples and the rest was studied as training samples. In the next step, processes on a multivariate image were performed by ENVI 4.3 software and some indexes such as NDVI, GNDVI, RVI Partial Component Analysis (PCA) were created and integrated and were combined. Then, two classifications on the original image and processed bands with two methods of maximum likelihood and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were categorized, in which the images were classified into two classes of trees and non-trees.
Findings: Evaluation of the classified images using the test samples showed that the accuracy and Kappa coefficient in the classified images of the original bands were 94.478% and 0.789 for the maximum likelihood method and 94.848% and 0.877 for the support vector machine, respectively. Also, the results of the processed band's classifications by maximum likelihood and support vector machine methods showed that these images have 94.274 and 94.683% accuracy and Kappa coefficient of 0.875 and 0.882, respectively.
Conclusion: The results of this study show that the Quickbird satellite image is suitable for separating tree canopies and no tree canopies areas in Zagros forests and similar areas.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (7-2019)
Abstract
Changes in land use are considered as significant factors by decision makers which can be precisely evaluated by Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques. However, land use alteration should also be evaluated for monitoring and curtailing the land degradation, especially deforestation and degradation of rangelands. The present research was then carried out in the Mahidasht Watershed, a western semi-arid region in Iran for evaluating land use change during 1955- 2017, using aerial photos (1955) and Landsat satellite images (TM 1989, ETM 2002 and 2017). The main land use types of the study watershed including agriculture, forest and, rangeland and mix land use boundaries were mapped for each period (1955, 1989, 2002 and 2017). Results showed that forests and rangelands suffered from accelerated destruction during 1955– 2017 period. The reduction rate in areas of forests and rangelands were 87 and 147 ha/y. In contrast, the area of rain-fed agriculture and mixed land use (mixed of the forest- rangeland, and rangeland- rain-fed) that are more vulnerable to degradation hazard were increased by 500 ha per year. Rill and gully erosion features were obviously found in converted areas, especially in the rain-fed lands, indicating siltation and other environmental problems such as deforestation and carbon dioxide emission. In addition, irrigated lands were increased by 59.8 ha annually due to enhancing groundwater extraction through water well drilling. Currently, excessive water extraction has resulted in a negative balance of groundwater table leading to water scarcity in this area. The mix land use were found more vulnerable to soil erosion and deforestation problems.
Volume 8, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Aim: The present study aimed to 1) determine the extent
of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis with Amygdalus scopariain in Melah-Roteh region in Dareshahr City, western Iran, and 2) model the presence or absence of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Almonds (
A. scoparia) in relation to soil physicochemical properties.
Materials & Methods: In the study area (Melah-Roteh region in Zagros Woodlands), 57 soil samples were taken from the 0-30cm depth under
A. scoparia in the Dareshahr City forest west of Iran. Soil samples were processed in the laboratory to extract and identify spores and fungi, determine spore frequency, and to measure physicochemical soil properties.
Findings: The results of two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) classification showed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiotic with
A. scoparia in the study could be classified into two groups. The evaluation of indicator species in each group using the importance value method and significance of indicator values based on Monte Carlo tests (p<0.01) showed that
Rhizophagus fasciculatus and
Funneliformis caledonium (Indicator value= 90 and 89, respectively) were prominent in the first group and
Funneliformis mosseae,
Claroideoglomus drummondii, and
Glomus gigantea (Indicator value= 95, 93, and 81, respectively) were representative of the second group.
Conclusion: The presence-absence, symbiosis rate and spore density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species associated with Almonds changes with varying physicochemical soil properties that can be modeled using certain soil attributes.
Eliye Yahyapour, Masoumeh Shayanmehr, Behzad Miri, Reza Vafaei Shoushtari,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
View on Scopus
In this study the biodiversity and relative abundance of Collembola was evaluated in two different ecosystems, citrus field and forest in Mazandaran province, Iran. Samples were carried out during 2016 and 2017. In each site, soil was sampled by a collecting core from 5×5 cm in surface area and a depth of 10 cm. Species richness, biodiversity and the indices of similarity were calculated. The results of T-Test showed that in two years (2016 and 2017), the values of Shannon-Wiener diversity and Simpson species diversity index were significantly different between sampling areas (Pvalue<0.05), but the values of Margalef richness and Pielou evenness index were not significantly (Pvalue˃0.05). In the year 2016, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, Pielou evenness and Margalef species richness in Dasht-e Naz forest were 1.92 ± 0.1, 0.83 ± 0.03, 2.01 ± 0.2 and 0.94 ± 0.04 respectively, and in citrus field were 1.44 ± 0.11, 0.73 ± 0.02, 1.46 ± 0.37 and 0.9 ± 0.03 respectively. Also, in the year 2017, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, Pielou evenness and Margalef species richness in Dasht-e Naz forest were 1.79 ± 0.05, 0.81 ± 0.08, 1.38 ± 0.25 and 0.94 ± 0.09 respectively, and in citrus field were 0.98 ± 0.22, 0.58 ± 0.08, 1.02 ± 0.35 and 0.95 ± 0.05 respectively. In general, the results showed that the abundance and biodiversity of Collembola in Dasht-e Naz forest was higher than in citrus field.
