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Derivational suffix “-ak” is one of the Persian productive affixes attached to different bases and creates many different meanings. Historical evidence affirms despite of the diversity of meaning, all the derivations come from the same original affix, with high potentiality in polysemy. The present article follows the cognitive-typological approach aims at investigating the polysemous behavior of the mentioned suffix while introducing the (sub)schemas of derivations in the framework of Construction Morphology. It deals also with the processes of metaphor and metonymy as two bases involved in the semantic extension. And then, by concerning the achievements of the first part with typological considerations, it shows the relationship between the cognitive processes involved in the polysemy and the typological motivations that follow them, i.e., economy and iconicity. Moreover, it examines how the typological explanations, specifically the concept of the semantic map, are not only valid for cognitivists, but also it can address more specific issues such as explaining the existence of polysemy within a single derivation. In this study, the Semantic Map Connectivity Hypothesis is also confirmed by those derivations that simultaneously imply more than one meaning, or that have undergone a change in meaning over time.
 

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Histopathological and pathomorphological effects of 15 ppb mercuric chloride on Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, were investigated using histological and electron microscopy observations. Light microscopy showed that the gill epithelial hypertrophy, wrinkling and hyperplasia in lamellar epithelia and lamellae fusion occurred after 48 h of exposure. Gill epithelia also showed occasional necrosis, which had almost been completed and blood emerged from the capillaries. However, occasional necrosis in some regions of the filament, both with blood emerging and with no bleeding, was observed by using electron microscopy. These injuries were well observed in inter-lamellar regions of the filament and also wrinkling of the lamellar epithelium. Ultrastructural observations showed some cellular disorders in gill epithelium of the Persian sturgeon, A. persicus, fry. In addition, increase in apical vesicles of the chloride cells and necrosis in apical surfaces of some chloride cells, hypertrophy and necrosis of the chloride cells’ mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum also were some of the other cellular disorders observed through transmission electron microscopy. In conclusion, the gills of A. persicus fry were sensitive to low concentrations of inorganic mercury (HgCl2).

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  Riddles (Chistan) is one of the genres of Iranians official literature and cultures. Riddle (Crux) is a kind of fun literary work, which has educational and cultural function too. This genre has many different forms and names in the local literature of different regions of Iran; some of which include: Chyzchyzk, Mattaloukeh, Vagoushak, Teshlanouk, Chachak, Chenchen, Chucheh, Chichiki, Chawcheh, Mataal, Mas’aleh, Tapmajalar, and alik. This paper examines the literary and artistic aspects of this genre, and explains its corresponding themes. In addition to finding its formal and semantic structure and morphology in different areas of iran, we further investigate types, functions and themes, and analyze the implications of Riddles. The study of this literal genre in our folklore will familiarize us with various ways of exploiting our free times, and on how prepare and educate our children and teenagers so that they enter the real-life arena.

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In this research, closed-cell natural rubber foams were produced using a single-step compression molding. The effect of carbon black content on morphology, physical and mechanical properties of the foams were examined. Results showed that in this methodology, the foam density was independent of reinforcement percentage, which is a unique characteristic of single-step foams that contrasts with other previous observations. The study of curing behavior of foam compounds showed that the carbon black increasing from 0 to 30 phr increased the crosslink density (CLD) from 6.5 to 8.3*10^-5 mol/cm³, the cure rate from 16.1 to 23.2 (%/min) and the ultimate torque from 5.8 to 10.4 Nm, while, reduced curing time from 9.2 to 5.8 min. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed that the reinforcement acted as a nucleation agent increasing the cell density from 8 N/cm³ to 140 N/cm³ and reducing the cell size from 579µm to 255µm. The increase of reinforcing content in the produced foams reduced the cells size and enhanced the properties of the rubber matrix. Accordingly, the modulus and hardness of the foams were increased by  0.8MPa and 40 shore A, respectively. Results of sound absorption and reflection showed that the rubber foam reflects the sound waves more than 90% and absorbs waves about 10%.

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Hemodialysis is a process of purifying the blood of a person whose kidneys are not working normally. Polyethersulfone membrane has the most application in blood purification because of its unique features, but its hydrophobic nature results in poor biocompatibility. When PES-based membranes are contacted with blood, proteins tend to adsorb onto the polymer surface, and this protein layer causes any adverse effects such as the coagulation of blood cells and platelet adhesion. The biocompatibility of pristine PES membrane can be improved by different modification methods. The aim of this research is to improve polyethersulfone (PES) membrane hydrophilicity and antifouling properties by adding pluronic F-127, poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(propylene oxide)−poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) block copolymer, to the dope solution. In this regard, PPO hydrophobic molecules are bound to PES chains due to hydrophobic–hydrophobic interactions, and membrane hydrophilicity would be improved because of hydrophilic PEO segments. To investigate the effect of adding pluronic F-127 on membrane performance, water contact angle, mechanical properties and filtration tests were carried out. Membranes morphology were characterized by SEM microscopy. Results showed that the addition of pluronic F-127 to the polymeric solution caused permeate flux increase up to 554 L/m²h due to membrane pore size growth and contact angle decrease. Moreover, addition of pluronic F-127 caused a decrease in the tensile strength of the PES/Pluronic F-127 membranes. PES/Pluronic F-127 membranes have improved fouling resistance compared to the pristine membrane.  

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Global warming is claimed to be the cause of climate change, which is often held responsible for water shortage.  Let geopedology represents the complex process of soil formation, out of which much can be learnt about paleoecology; soil formation being a dynamic interaction between the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and the hydrosphere. In a multidisciplinary sustainability-oriented study in northwestern Iran, geopedologic data were analyzed and cross-referenced with some historic and archaeological information to reconstruct paleoecologic conditions in several time periods, through which the changes both in climate since upper Pleistocene, and in landuse and their consequences in terms of land degradation could be concluded. The occurrence of a (sub-) surface layer of travertine, dated 27,000 y BP that is coated by a thin organic layer with traces of rancienite (mineral), dated 13,000 y BP, implies a humid environment, corresponding with the pluvial uppermost Würm. The geopedologic survey, supported by soil micromorphology, revealed that between 6,000 and 2,600 years ago the area was subject to cycles of erosion and sedimentation that have led to glacis formation. A type of climate that is characterized by the alternation of wet and dry periods is also supported by the occurrence of Petrocalcic and Argillic horizons in the soils. Cultivating rice, tobacco and cotton, which was practiced until over a century ago, also implies relatively wetter conditions. The study concludes that aridification has never been as degrading as it is today, due to the over-exploiting of the non-renewable fossil groundwater.

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"Structure" should be regarded as the most basic discussion of translation in the Contrastive Linguistics. The linguistic structures, studied in the five sections of syntactics, morphology, lexico-semantis, phonetics and rhetoric, play the crucial role in cross-linguistic analyses. The first two structures, namely syntactical and morphological ones, are also called as grammatical, on which I tried to concentrate my effort to analyze them in this essay on the ground of the Holy Koran translation process.
 

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In spite of their apparent diversity and variety, Arabic and Persian maqamas are unified, which is the result of a common narrative structure. The main purpose of this study is to uncover this common structure. To this end, 124 maqamas including those of Hamadani, Hariri and Hamidi were analyzed based on Vladimir Propp’s morphology theory. The results indicated that Arabic and Persian maqamas are similar to each other in terms of character types and functioning. Moreover, in 31 functions and seven areas, they are in line with Propp’s theory. Such an approach allowed us to investigate all of these 124 maqamas within a single model and to conclude that narrative structure of these maqamas is the result of a single and primary plan, which has been effective in creation of this genre.

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Understanding the development of gully volumes requires the empirical relations between gully volume (V) and length (L) to be established in the field. So far, such V–L relations have been proposed for a limited number of gullies/environments and were especially developed for ephemeral gullies.In this study, V–L relations were established for ephemeral gullies in southern Ilam. In order to take the regional variability in environmental characteristics into account, controlling factors of gully cross-sectional morphology were studied for 90 cross-sections. The results indicated that the soil properties were the most important controls of gully cross-sectional shape and size. Cross-sectional size could be fairly well predicted by their drainage area. The V–L relationship for the complete dataset was V=15.45 L ^0.12 (n = 90, R²=0.06). In addition, gully volume was also related to its catchments area (A) and catchment slope gradient (S_c). This study demonstrated that the V–L and V–A×Sc relations were not suitable to assess ephemeral gully volume.

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Macro and micromorphological investigations were conducted on selected Xerepts soils from southern Iran to identify changes in soil characteristics with time. Soil samples from similar pedons of four irrigated orchards ranging in age from 20 to 100 years were studied and compared with soil samples of a pedon of non-irrigated land. In addition to routine analyses, undisturbed blocks of soils from each horizon of pedons were prepared and used for micromorphological studies. Field data, micromorphological obsrevations and laboratory data, permitted an overview of changes in soil characteristics and their role in the pedogenesis. Changes observed include the type and distribution pattern of voids, translocation and accumulatin of CaCO3, and the soil fabrics. Calcitic hypocoatings, and compound dense complete calcite infillings in vughs, and large voids were attributed to precipitation as induced by irrigation. There seems to be an increase in organic matter content with time. This needs to be further studid to establish condition for carbon sequestration and increased soil quality in arid regions.

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  Khorasani,M. 
                                 
Vladimir Propp, the Russian folklore expert, suggested that natural sciences study styles should be used in ordinary stories. He believed that classification of stories is the result of many researches at the end of studies but, most of the scholars traditionally classify the subjects and include the working materials in the form of such imposed classification.
            Propp himself studied the morphology of one hundred of the Russian tales collected by Afanasyof. He discovered that all the available works in tales are limited to 31 functions. He thought that type of the tale, which should be discovered, is covered under the disordered appearance of the standards ruling on the tales. It is regarded as the first founding of narratives. He determined a symbol for each of these functions and by putting them together, finalized them and reached the wonder tales.  
            Use of modern methodology criticism in classic literature always faces difficulties. This research is an attempt to examine this model in comparative literature. The material used for this study includes a tales of the ” Arabian Nights ” covering the main story and also three other ones. In analyzing this anecdote not only the Propp’s methodological symbols are used but, other symbols have been used as required and finally morphology model of the story are presented. Applying this method which is regarded as a test for morphology, can separate the annexed tales from the main ones based on the reached structural model.  
 
 

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Majidi,F.  
 
Abstract:
 
This article studies and analyzes the morphology of Shaykh-i San’ān’ story. First, we defined the concept of Morphology, and then we isolated the constituents of the story such as the heroes’ chara-cteristics, the roles of the story’s characters, time, place, motivations and movements. We subsequently analyzed the structure of the narrative and compared it with 5 analogous stories:
 
1- ‘Abdul alrazzāq-i San’ānī
2- Abū Abdūllah Andulisī,
3- Rāqid-u layl
4- Mo’azin-i Balkh,
5- Vali-yi Samarqandī
 
Our research showed that the first two stories, particularly ‘Abdul alrazzāq-i San’ānī, are structurally very similar with Shaykh-i San’ān’s story while the other narratives exhibit significant structural differences.  
 

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Tillage systems influence soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics which in turn may alter, root characteristics, growth, and development. A three year study was conducted to investigate the effects of seven tillage systems on some soil (fine-loamy mixed, Typic Haplocambids) physical characteristics and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root morphology. Tillage treatments included moldboard plowing + disking (MD) as conventional tillage, chisel plowing + disk (CD), chisel plowing + rotary tilling (CR), chisel plowing (twice) + disking (2CD), plowing with a khishchi (a regional rigid cultivator) (KD), as non-inversion methods, and till planting with cultivator combined drill (TP), and no-tillage (NT) as direct drilling methods. Soil texture, bulk density (BD), organic matter (OM) and compactness (CI) were determined. At the depths 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3 and 0.3- 0.4m, root mass density (RMD) was obtained, root length density (RLD) was determined and average root diameter (RD), surface area density (RSD), and root fineness (RF) were calculated. A randomized complete block design consisting of four blocks (replications) was used. For all treatments, the upper layer (0-0.lm) contained a higher quantity of RMD, RLD and RSD, but the reverse was observed for the lower layer (0.3-0.4m). The upper layer (0-0. lm) contained almost 46% of the total RMD (average of all treatments), while the second (0.1-0.2m) the third (0.2-0.3m) and fourth (0.3-0.4m) depths contained 23, 18.5 and 12.5% of the total RMD, respectively. The average RLD of four depths for MD, CD, CR and 2CD were significantly (P ≤ 10)higher than KD, TP and NT systems (24.9, 25.1, 24.2, and 23.8, as compared with 22.3,21.8 and 21.6km m-3 , respectively). Results of this study showed that, for the arid soils of central Iran, with weak structure and low organic matter content, as the number of tillage operations increased, root morphological characteristics improved.

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Dictionaries are regarded as the basic criteria in language teaching and research; therefore, they are expected to be free from analytic fallacies. However, it seems that there are some inconsistencies in the definition of the morphological units in Persian dictionaries. In this article, echo reduplications (or Etbâ’) are studied in the text of LoghatNâme by Dehkhodâ. To this end, after defining the process of echo reduplications, all the entries which have been labeled to belong to this category, were extracted and analyzed according to the linguistic definitions available for echo reduplication. The analysis revealed that many of the entries with an echo reduplication label have not been treated correctly, and this error takes its roots from either referring to the echo contractions in other languages, or sticking to the traditional definitions of this issue.      

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In this paper, we researched about poetry “Katibe” (inscription) according to the theory of morphology. For this purpose, we defined the theory of morphology. Then, according to this theory, this poem has been analyzed. This poem is divided into roles, personalities and movements. Katibeh (Inscription) is a narrative poem that has dramatic structure. In this poem, the reader sees the story from the poet's point of view. There are twenty-three roles in the poem. Characters in these poems are divided into two categories: Human and natural. In this poem, five characters are doing things and there are three movements.       

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Research Subject: Poor mechanical strengths and lack of thermal stabilities of hydrogels confine their extensive practical applications in many areas. The growing scientific need for solving this problem and achievement to the hydrogels with improved properties has led to the design and production of the nanocomposite hydrogels.
Research Approach: The polymeric networks of nanocomposite hydrogels compared to the ordinary hydrogels have improved elasticity and rheological properties. Other points that increase the importance of structural studies of nanocomposite hydrogels are the high strength of these materials versus the application of external forces, as well as maintaining its structure against increasing of temperatures. In this regard, the type and amounts of nanomaterial, the preparation method and formation of hydrogel network have a significant role in improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of hydrogels, and, it must be noted that these parameters will depend on the application of nanocomposite hydrogels. This also highlights the need for the production of nanocomposite tailored hydrogels. Therefore, orientation of the range of nanomaterials, the preparation method and product identification, along with sufficient information on the application of these materials, might have an important role in ensuring the success of these materials, requiring comprehensive library research and studies on polymerization processes, morphology and rheology.
Main Results: In this review article, the scientific advances in the field of nanocomposite hydrogels, focusing on its types based on the type of nanoparticles, its properties, preparation methods, identification methods with a new perspective on rheology, thermal analysis and morphology is investigated. Finally, the applicability of these materials is collected in a comprehensive table in various fields such as tissue engineering, enhanced oil recovery, agriculture, and etc…

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As a component of grammar, information structure is concerned with the degree of felicity (appropriateness) of a given linguistic form with a given communicative situation (Lambrecht, 1994). In other words, from a set of linguistic forms with a similar propositional or analytic meaning, the issue here is, “which one is more appropriate (felicitous) in a specific communicative situation?” In this study, an attempt is made to elaborate on some of the implications of the theory of information structure for a translator. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire was devised in which the subjects participated twice in a pre-test and post-test with a treatment in-between. Morphological and syntactic codings of English and Persian were the focus of the included questions. A matched T-test was then run to analyze the data. The results, in connection with syntax, revealed no significance difference in the performance of the subjects. However, the results were different as far as morphological performance of the subjects was concerned. The matched T-test showed that the attested difference in morphology was meaningful. What these findings imply for a translator is twofold: First, a literal translation works as far as syntax is concerned, while literal translation of morphological elements of SL has a less chance of success. Second, it seems that a formal training of information structure is becoming more urgent for a translator.