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This study was performed on the collections of the National Zoological Collection of the Zoological Survey of India and described a new species in the “multidentati” Cyphoderus group from Bihar, India. This new species, Cyphoderus bihariensis sp. nov., is described with a distinguishing comparison among other species within this group. The new species is notably large compared to its counterparts in this group. This study also redescribed Cyphoderus javanus Börner, 1906 collected from various localities and habitats across India and provides additional morphological identification characters and chaetotaxy for taxonomic sufficiency. Earlier, India was home to nine Cyphoderus species from various localities across the country. Additionally, an identification key to the Indian Cyphoderus is included.

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The eucoiline genus Hexacola Foerster, 1869 is present in the Afrotropical, Neotropical, Holarctic and Ethiopian regions, as well as Oceania. In this paper, three species are reported for the first time in Argentina: Hexacola hexatoma (Hartig 1841), Hexacola bifarium Quinlan, 1986 and Hexacola bonaerensis Reche, nom. nov. proposed to replace Hexacola fuscipes (Kieffer 1908) by homonymy with Hexacola fuscipes (Kieffer 1907). Their redescriptions are provided. Species from Argentina are parasitoids of Ephydridae and Chloropidae (Diptera). New distribution data, new host records and a key for Argentinian species are provided. Photographs of diagnostic characters and georeference of locality of collections are included. The material examined is deposited in the collection of the División Entomología, Museo de La Plata (Argentina).

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New data for the genus Aspilota Foerster, 1863 (Braconidae: Alysiinae) of the Western Asia are provided. Four species, A. flagimilis Fischer, 1966, A. insolita (Tobias, 1962), A. latitemporata Fischer, 1976 and A. nidicola Hedqvist, 1972, are recorded for the first time from Iran. Illustrated re-descriptions of Aspilota alfalfae Fischer, Lashkari Bod, Rakhshani & Talebi, 2011, A. delicata Fischer, 1973, A. flagimilis, A. insolita, A. latitemporata, and A. nidicola are presented. A key to the Western Asian species of Aspilota is provided.

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The 21th century has been confronted with wonderful changes in the dimensions of technology, social, economic, and political, perhaps no organization and settlement be safe from their changes and events. In recent decades, strategic management is one of the important organizational and institutional issues that has attracted researchers and experts. In addition, this strategic management has expressed among many new theories and approaches in developed countries and, consequently in all over the world including Iran, which in turn created a lot of new theoretical and practical challenges. This research has been tried by using a descriptive method, discourse analysis, and critique of the framework, that propose strategic management as new management in the service description of spatial planning. Therefore, in the first step, examined the constituent parts of the management spatial planning in the description of the services and then described planning and strategic management and strategic management process as the integrated and practical and at the end, presented suggestions for achieving strategic management in the description of the services of spatial planning with the achieve of integrated management, in the service description of the spatial planning, we will see the operational of the spatial planning oriented programs in the territory of Iran.

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During a survey on the identification of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with walnut in Sanandej region (Kurdistan province, western Iran), a population of Paratylenchus labiosus was collected and identified morphologically. Description, illustrations and morphometrics of the species are given and comparisons are made between it and some related species. Paratylenchus labiosus comes more close to three species namely P. similis, P. tateae and P. italiensis in having certain diagnostic characters such as short stylet less than 18 µm long, concave-conoid head with prominent submedian lobes and tail ending to an acute to finely rounded terminus. However, P. labiosus differs from them in having a spermatheca full of sperm cells and presence of males. Different modes of reproduction (parthenogenesis or amphimixis) may be observed in different populations of some species in this genus, but somewhat unique reproduction behavior of P. labiosus could be considered as a diagnostic character for separation of it from the three closely related species.      

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This article whit a descriptive-analytic method studied and compared two poet’s descriptions about the nature’s perspective. Conclusion: After comparing two poets various description subjects the research conclusions show that they enjoyed a nice and subtle humor as well as sweet speech and rich hobby, that provided for them a great power to describe the nature. Some of their descriptions of the nature have the color of the aristocracy. It seems that Mutran in describing some elements of the nature was under the influence of Arabic literature and Qaani influenced of Persian literature.

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During the study of aphid fauna of North-Khorasan province, Iran, an aphid species, Brachycaudus cerasicola (Mordvilko, 1929) (Hem.: Aphididae), was collected on Salvia aethiopis, Stachys turcomanica, Hymenocrater elegans, Perovskia abrotanoides and Phlomis cancellata (Lamiaceae) in 2016 and 2017 which is reported here for the first time from Iran. The first to third host plants reported as the new hosts for this aphid. Since the original descriptions of this species by Mordvilko (1929) and Shaposhnikov (1964) are rether brief, so we report here additional notes and more detailed biometric data on this species. The biometric data of the Iranian populations of B. cerasicola is given and compared to the original descriptions.

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Three species of Paratylenchus were collected and identified from vineyards and apple orchards in Kermanshah province, western Iran. Descriptions, morphometric data, line drawings and microscopic photographs are provided for these three species. Paratylenchus audriellus and Paratylenchus straeleni are the two very closely related species, with a stylet longer than 40 µm, four lateral lines and distinct vulval flaps. The third species, Paratylenchus leptos, has a shorter stylet, three lateral lines and distinct vulval flaps. Paratylenchus leptos is a new record for Iranian nematode fauna, and male of P. audriellus is reported from Iran for the first time.  

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During a nematological survey, nineteen known species of plant-parasitic nematodes belonging to the family Tylenchidae (Tylenchomorpha: Tylenchoidea) were collected and identified from different localities of West Azerbayjan and Kermanshah provinces, Iran. Among them two species, namely Discotylenchus attenuatus and Tylenchus bhitaii, are new records for Iranian nematode fauna, the male of T. bhitaii is recorded for the first time. Also, two previously reported species Filenchus quartus and Tylenchus stachys are illustrated and described. Descriptions, morphometric data, line drawings and microscopic photographs are provided.
 

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During our studies on the family Diapriidae, two species of the genus Pantolyta Foerster, 1856 were collected and identified for the first time from Iran: Pantolyta pallida Kieffer, 1908 and Pantolyta nixoni Macek, 1993. A key to the Iranian species of the genus Pantolyta and diagnostic characters for both newly recorded species are provided along with illustrations. In addition, distribution map of the two species in the Palaearctic region is presented.

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Males of the subgenus Eofoersteria Mathot (Hym., Mymaridae, Camptoptera Foerster) are diagnosed, described, and illustrated for the first time, based on examination of specimens from Tamil Nadu and from photographs of the male paratype of Camptoptera matcheta Subba Rao from Karnataka. New distributional records of C. (Eofoersteria) manipurensis (Rehmat & Anis) from Karnataka and Kerala states of India are documented.

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The image and description of the image of beloved is one of the most important issues in Persian and folk poetry. Images and testimonies help both draw objectively the beloved body and the attitude of the poet, as well as the general attitude of the society and culture in which the poet lives. The purpose of this research is to examine the images and descriptions of the beloved body in Bakhtiari's folk poems by comparing them to the image of beloved in Persian poetry to answer the following questions: What elements are used to describe the beloved body and what are the adjectives that show the differences and similarities with Persian poetry in this area? The results of the research showed that, in Bakhtiari folk poems, the images look more like typographic characters (sensory, sensory, singular to singular and detailed), and that the names of this type are different. The poets used this type of comparisons in which the signified is much closer to the referent. Bakhtiari's life is based on nomadism, alongside agriculture and, to this end they rely more on the sky and constellation. A greater number of these elements is therefore used to illustrate the climatic color of the images which is very high. Compared to Persian poetry, there are differences and similarities that are more similar in terms of descriptions and differences in the field of imagery.
 

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The oribatid mite of the family Oppiidae, Graptoppia (Stenoppia) italica (Bernini, 1973) (syn.: Oppia heterotricha Bernini, 1969) is redescribed based on females collected from soil in Sistan-o Baluchestan (Southeastern Iran) and South Khorasan (Central-Eastern Iran) provinces. Detailed descriptions of the gnathosoma and legs are also provided for the first time. The original description does not reflect the characters of the pubescence of the setae (cilia), characters on the lateral side of the ano-adanal region, as well as the true length of anal and adanal setae. Through the new finding of Graptoppia italica in Iran, the number of Oribatids in the family Opiidae raised to 81 species.

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Luciola nicollieri Bugnion, 1922 is one of the sixteen originally described Luciolinae from Sri Lanka. Specimens of L. nicollieri have been re-discovered in 2022 almost after 100 years of its first description, and their identity was confirmed by comparison with the original description, photos of their type specimen and based on expert’s views. Flightless female is associated and described for the first time, males re-described, with details of external morphology, genitalia pattern, flashing behavior and habitat ecology. After examining the types and the generic features of their genetalia, L. nicollieri is placed herein to the category of Luciola Laporte s. str. transferring from Luciola sensu lato. Also a key to the species of Luciola recorded from Sri Lanka is provided.

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The jumping spider Evarcha pulchella (Thorell, 1895) (Salticidae) is recorded for the first time in Pakistan, based on material from the subtropical Hindu Kush dry meadows and hills. The female of this species is described for the first time. Detailed diagnostic illustrations and photographs of specimens are provided.

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Ceratophysella Bӧrner, 1932 is the second largest genus of the family Hypogastruridae and contains 146 species from all over the world, with nine species reported from Iran. Specimens were extracted from soil and leaf litter samples using a modified Berlese funnel. The DNA sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene were obtained from the whole body of Ceratophysella specimens. A Maximum Likelihood tree is also generated based on the sequences of COI gene representing the overall phylogenetic affinities of the known Ceratophysella species. In the present study, C. communis (Folsom, 1897) and C. impedita Skarzynski, 2002 are recorded for the first time from Iran. Ceratophysella, communis is re-described, and its diagnostic characters are illustrated. An identification key to Ceratophysella species of Iran is given.

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In the 20th century, two influential novels were written in Egypt and Iran, which found a special place. Dr. Heikel's novel Zeinab in Egypt and Ali Mohammad Afghani's novel Shohar Aho Khanum established a new trend in the fiction prose of the two countries. Obviously, due to the nature of the novel and the detail in it, the element of description has a prominent position. Dialogue is one of the effective tools in description and makes the flow of the story between the characters more alive. Although Zeinab's novel has not yet been translated into Farsi and only an English translation of it is available, a thesis has been compiled on the comparison of these two influential novels, and an article has been prepared on the description of these two works. Using the descriptive-analytical method and library method, this research compares the role and effect and how the dialogue element is used in the descriptions of the novel Shuhar Ahokhanam by Mohammad Ali Afghani and the novel Zeinab by Mohammad Hossein Heikal as two pioneering novels in the presian & Arabic literature.The dialogue element in Shohar Ahokhanam's novel is bold, technical and more effective than the dialogue in Zeinab's novel, especially in the plot of the story.

 

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Speeches of the presidents at the United Nations General Assembly is of great importance with respect to ideology. The present study aims to compare the ideology in speeches of Iranian presidents in recent years including Mohammad Khatami, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hasan Ruhani. The data of this descriptive research are gathered out of texts of the speeches in 2001, 2005, 2007, 2013, and 2018. Then, the data were analyzed within the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis proposed by Fairclough. This framework includes three stages namely Description, Interpretation and Explanation. At the first stage, the linguistic strategies utilized in the speeches are explored. In Interpretation stage, Situational, Intertextual and Pragmatic contexts are analyzed. In Explanation stage, the first two stages are expanded into the society level. The results of the study show that there are some similarities and discrepancies among the speeches. The similarity lies in the ideology of defending rights of Iran and oppressed nations. Mohammad Khatami attempted to integrate all countries to work in same direction in order to settle the disagreements. Meanwhile, due to Situational contexts and political, financial and regional conditions, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hasan Ruhani made their effort to mobilize nations to stay against oppressing nations.

1. Introduction
Critical discourse analysis is a common field among many disciplines, including linguistics, literature, political science, etc., which examines the linguistic patterns in the text and measures the relationship between language, society, and culture. This field could be applied to analyze texts with a wide range of topics. Fairclough (1995, p. 132) considers critical discourse analysis to be the study of ambiguous relationships between a) speech methods, events, and texts, and b) broad social and cultural structures. The ideological relations in the text are one of the most important issues related to critical discourse analysis. Fairclough's emphasis on the hidden ideology of texts in Language and Power (2001) shows the importance of this issue in discourse studies. The speech of the presidents of the countries in the United Nations is a rich source of ideological information and policies of the countries due to the use of different strategies.
The issue of this research is also how ideology is represented in their speeches. The purpose of this study is to investigate the similarities and differences in the representation of ideology and language strategies used in the speeches of Mohammad Khatami, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hassan Rouhani.
1. What are the similarities and differences between the representation of ideology in the speeches of Mohammad Khatami, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hassan Rouhani?
2. What linguistic strategies have been utilized to represent ideological differences?
 
2. Literature Review
One of the most important and fundamental works published in the field of critical discourse analysis is the book Language and Power by Fairclough (2001). In this book, he examines the three stages of description, interpretation and explanation. These three stages are also described in Fairclough (2006). Another book published by Fairclough (1995) is Media Discourse, which examines the mass media from various linguistic and social dimensions. Morover, several scientific articles have been published in the field of critical discourse analysis of the speeches of political officials in the world. Alami et al (2017), Carreon and Svetanant (2017), Afkhami et al (2018) and Ziyaie et al (2013) are amongst the most significant ones.
 
3. Methodology
This research is qualitative and the method of data analysis is descriptive-analytical. The data of the present article are collected from the text of the speeches of the Presidents of Iran in the past years in the UN meetings. Out of a total of 15 speeches delivered at the United Nations, two speeches from each president were randomly selected. Then, the collected data were described and analyzed in order to examine the ideological relations and hidden power and angles in the framework of Fairclough (2006) critical discourse analysis.
Lectures are examined at three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation, according to Fairclough's (ibid) approach. Examining each of these three levels includes vocabulary and grammar. At the descriptive level, the data have been studied in terms of formal and visual characteristics, at the level of interpretation in terms of two levels, high and low, and at the level of discourse explanation according to social conditions.
 
4. Results
Using data analysis, it was shown that the speeches of the United Nations Mohammad Khatami, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hassan Rouhani have similarities and differences in terms of different aspects of discourse and power relations. This set of data presented in different sections of the research proves the first hypothesis of the present article. The speeches have similarities in terms of trying to defend the rights of Iran and the oppressed countries, and all three presidents have tried to defend the rights of the Iranian people and the oppressed countries, but there are differences between them in terms of representing ideology using different linguistic forms. And this proves the second hypothesis of the research. The final results of the present study show that Mohammad Khatami is trying to integrate and show solidarity with all countries in the world in terms of political behavior, while Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hassan Rouhani are trying to mobilize countries against world oppressors such as the United States, Britain and others. It seems that this difference was due to various reasons such as the context of the situation and the political, economic and regional conditions during the presidency of each of the presidents of Iran.

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The controversy over the role of reason, like other subjects of human knowledge, has gone through many ups and downs. In "wisdom in syntax" we seek a phenomenological view of "syntax" and knowledge of how it manifests itself to others, while in "syntax of wisdom" we seek to know what linguistic reason expects from us. In their contemporary approach to grammar, Western linguists have analyzed sentence structures from three "transformational-generative", "functional", and "cognitive" approaches, based on which we have tried to delve into the place of reason in Arabic grammar. This study is an attempt to find out whether the analysis power of reason should be called on from somewhere else or it is innate to the Arabic language. Linguistic features such as "declinable vs. indeclinable", "probability vs. certainty", "diacritics", "forms and morphs", and categories such as "agent and theme" and "semanticism" are all justified by "reason", without which they have nothing to say! Besides, community, speakers and addressees do not have a haphazard or mechanical relationship with the structure and form of sentences; rather, sentence structure rules and various forms are closely related to the elements that make up a verbal communication. It is certainly the power of reason that deciphers the relationship between sentence structure and extralinguistic factors. Accordingly, the power of reason causes morpho-syntax to adopt an analytical and argumentative state rather than a merely descriptive one.

1. Introduction
Linguists have considered the extent of the influence of reason in linguistic studies. In this article, we try to understand with the library method:
What does syntax expect from us? What is the function of reason (here linguistic reason) in sentence construction and how does it affect it? What is meant by reason? Is it an inherent or in-born feature for humans, or just an acquired power? In this paper, we seek to show that morpho-syntax is to be considered an analytical rather than a descriptive tool, which clarifies any obscurity regarding sentence construction, differences in sentence arrangement and intentions behind sentence structures. With this approach, we have sought to determine the relationship between reason and syntax, clarify "syntax reason", and specify what "syntax" and in general Arabic grammar expects from its speakers and how syntax manifests itself to the audience. Meanwhile, we also try to delve into "reason syntax" and determine what "reason" seeks in language and grammar as well as the characteristics of linguistic reason in Arabic grammar.
The research hypothesis is that morpho-syntax is an analytical tool and even if it happens to be considered a descriptive tool, it finally expects its speakers to go through analysis and reflection. Yet, the rationality that accompanies and helps the speakers in this regard is not innate and has to be acquired in appropriate ways. The important point here is that this rationality is rule-governed and framework- and criterion-based.
 
2.Literature Review
The reason-syntax relationship has gone through three stages in recent Western studies, namely the transformational-generative approach, the functional approach and the cognitive approach. Reflection on these three approaches in Arabic grammar will help us answer the main question of the research: what is the relationship between reason and syntax in Arabic grammar?
The Westerns' classical view of language, which originated in Aristotle's view, was based on a rational approach. However, it was changed in the Age of Enlightenment and replaced by a historical approach. It was in the second half of the twentieth century that Chomsky's theories revived the rationalist approach. However, as the role of extralinguistic features such as context had been overlooked in the transformational-generative approach, it was criticized by Halliday, who developed functionalism based on his view of language as a social phenomenon. In this approach, language is considered an organism whose elements and components must be chosen consciously, and utterances are considered to be context- and addressee-tailored.
In 1987, Lakoff and Lankager emphasized the neglected role of mind processing. They developed the theory of cognitive linguistics to address the role of mind in information processing and conceptualization or its mediating role and effect on sentence construction. The place of an analyzing power that can provide an appropriate feedback based on its received information is evident in all of these approaches.
 
3.Methodology
Rationalism and the power of reason have a paramount position and bold role in Arabic grammar. Prior to Chomsky, Muslim syntacticians believed in the surface and deep structures of sentences. The generative approach, which is based on changes in the surface structure of sentences and production of similar sentences, has manifested itself in Arabic grammar in the form of phenomena such as "declinable vs. indeclinable", "probability vs. certainty", "forms and morphs", "diacritics", "semanticism" and "agent" vs. "theme". These phenomena are innate to the structure of the Arabic language and do not have an external source. The relationship of sentences and their formation with their meaning is inseparable, and words are put together in syntagmatic and paradigmatic systems because they have been called agent and theme in the grammar. The diacritical marks at the end of words carry meaning and any change in these marks leads to a change in the meaning of the words. The form, structure and pitch pattern of words show their inner content. Behind these changes and transformations in sentences is a rational and creative power that can analyze the changes!
Besides, the rules or sentence construction techniques are directly associated with the extra-linguistic context. Understanding these linguistic constructs requires rational and analytical power, since the differences between these techniques are related to the differences between audiences and extra-linguistic contexts as well as to the characteristics of speakers. Obviously, understanding these differences involves analyzing and examining the factors affecting sentence formation in a specific way.
Regarding the role of the mind in the production of sentence structures, Abdul Qaher says: "Arranging words in a sentence is the only way to show what is going on in one's mind."
The arrangement of words and their positions in utterances reflect their arrangement in the mind of the speaker (Abdul Qaher: 111-112). The advantage of one sentence over another relates to the thought behind it which is manifested in its form. In other words, the form of a sentence is the outcome of a process that has already passed through the mind. The superficial (sensory) utterances that are produced (spoken or written) are based on the inner propositions that exist in the mind of the speaker. It is his mind that arranges the words in different positions and lengthens some words while shortening some others. Any knowledge of the reasons for these arrangements involves knowing about the mind of the speaker, which is the result of experience, life, events, studies, upbringing, feelings, emotions and in general, everything that can affect one's development and creation of this epistemological treasure. The mysteries of sentences will not be manifested unless the doors of this treasure are opened to the analyst!
 
 
Conclusion

1. Reason is not a tool to be called on from outside. The Arabic language has such a nature that, without reason, it does not work and is not understood as it should be!
2. Linguistic reason is framework-based and rule-governed. The structure of the Arabic language does not accept every utterance, analysis and expression.
3. The main structure of a language does not change over time; it is only the analyses and interpretations of the language structure, constructs and elements that undergo changes.

Muslim syntacticians had rightly realized from the beginning that studying Arabic grammar requires considering the underlying structures of sentences and accepting the two levels of surface and deep structures. In this regard, they did not overlook the communication components and elements including the receiver, sender and context, and were well aware of the influence of these factors in the construction and formation of sentences. They also considered the effect of the mind, its processing power as well as its role in the arrangement of sentences