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Seyyed Jamaluddin Asadabadi is one of the reformers of religious thought in the contemporary world, who had an impact not only in Iran and among Shiite Muslims, but also throughout the Islamic world, including in Afghanistan, Egypt, Turkey (Ottoman) and Iraq. He wanted to save Muslims from colonial rule and the backwardness of the world and achieve the greatness of Muslims. The main question of the current research is following the issue of whether adopting a strategy and opening up ideas in Egypt's affairs could create a confrontation in its relations with the colonial countries? And whether the adoption of this strategy in those periods of time was in accordance with the national interests and the domestic and international conditions of Egypt? The result of the research, which was conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach, indicates that Seyyed Jamaluddin's intellectual capacity has influenced a wide scale of the Islamic world. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, Sayyid suggested the way to unify the Islamic world and return to authentic Islam.

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A total of 29 species in 16 genera and 8 subfamilies of the braconids (Hym., Braconidae) were collected from alfalfa fields in Bahariya and Farafra oases (Western Desert, Egypt) These species were identified, together with details of the sites where they were found and an indication of their relative abundance in each site. Among the samples, 4 species in 4 genera and 3 subfamilies are recorded as new to the Egyptian fauna. These are: Aphidius asteris Haliday, 1834, Ephedrus plagiator (Nees, 1811) (Aphidiinae), Homolobus (Chartolobus) infumator (Lyle, 1914) (Homolobinae) and Opius lugens Haliday, 1837 (Opiinae). Thirteen braconid species are also newly recorded in association with alfalfa fields, namely A. asteris; Praon necans Mackaeur, 1959 (Aphidiinae); Habrobracon hebetor (Say, 1836) (Braconinae); Chelonus basalis Curtis, 1837; Ch. blackburni Cameron, 1886; Ch. oculator (Fabricius, 1775); Phanerotoma leucobasis Kriechbaumeri, 1894 (Cheloninae); Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank, 1802) (Euphorinae); H. (C.) infumator (Lyle, 1914) (Homolobinae); Apanteles appellator Telenga, 1949; Cotesia glomerata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Microgastrinae); Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti, 1910) and P. nilotica (Schmiedeknechti, 1900) (Opiinae).

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Mites exploit various symbiotic associations with insects and other arthropods, mainly parasitism and phoresy. Faunistic information of parasitic and phoretic mites on insects in Egypt is reviewed. Previous published records are gathered and, in some cases, altered. This paper presents an annotated list of the 120 species, including unidentified spp., of mites extracted from insects in Egypt to date. Mite species belong to 42 families [16 of Mesostigmata, 19 of Prostigmata, five of Astigmata and two in Cryptostigmata (Oribatida)]. Information about insect hosts, attachment sites and geographic distribution is provided.

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This research studies the form and approach of Iranian-Egyptian literary relations in contemporary periods. In order to more comprehensive and complete views, the historical, cultural and political conditions affecting the literary relations of the two countries are also studied. The importance of the issue is that despite the lack of continuous and direct relations in this periods and the high ups and downs in relations, Iranian and Egyptian scholars have created literary relations between Persian language and literature and those of Arabic in order to Maintain and develop cultural interaction of these two nations.
In this essay, the descriptive analytical method was used, first by referring to the Persian and Arabic literary works of the two countries in the field of translation, essays, thesis and book, and the attention to Persian and Arabic languages teaching, the importance amount and form of Persian literature in Egypt, and Arabic literature in Iran has been found, and then the activity type has been studied.
The results of this study indicate that despite the attempts of Colonial westernization trend in Islamic countries; and the existence of numerous divisions influenced by political disputes in the official relations between the two countries in recent decades (before and after the Islamic Revolution of Iran); the interest and attention to Persian And Arabic literature by the scholars of both countries have been done, and moreover, the accuracy and research that has been carried out by Egyptian literary scholars and writers on Persian literature has been more than what was done in Iran in relation to Arabic literature and in particular the Egyptian literature.

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Introduction
Since the early 1970s, religious fundamentalism has become very widespread. From this time, different researchers have applied a single approach, namely the "cultural" approach to religious fundamentalism. But this approach with a one-dimensional view, in addition to hiding many angles of religious fundamentalism, has resulted in an intangible and domineering downward view. But on the other hand, the economic approach, as the approach of this article, away from issues such as identity, ideology, has focused on a more objective level, which is the economic level, and has replaced a global view with a limited and regional view.
Therefore, in this research, the flow of religious fundamentalism is investigated and studied with an economic approach, focused on the performance and role of the global economy in relation to countries. Of course, two broad views have been proposed regarding the performance of the global economy. The first point of view is called the convergence point of view, which believes that the global economy will definitely bring relative prosperity and development to the world, and the supporters of this point of view have a completely positive view of the performance of the global economy. The second point of view is known as the divergence point of view. The supporters of this point of view emphasize the inequality that the global economy creates deep economic gaps between the two parts of the world, the poor and the rich, and consequently provides the basis for religious fundamentalism. Of course, in addition to these two views, the global economy can be examined from another perspective. That is, the performance and role of the global economy are not absolutely positive or negative; rather, the performance of the world economy in different countries has different effects and results, and the indicators of the world economy, according to the type of economic and development structure of the countries, have different effects. In fact, the effects of the global economy in economically underdeveloped countries can provide the necessary platform for the formation of religious fundamentalism.
With these premises, this research seeks to show that due to the mutual dependence of economies on each other and the necessity of the convergence of the national economy in the global economic system, governments, especially weak governments in terms of economic development, have entered international markets to advance their development strategies and engaged in participation and competition, and they are forced to join other national governments and establish a new order of transnational government in order to restore power in the world; But the inappropriate entry of these governments into the global economy has led to their inability to control some of the negative results and effects in their national economy; Because in the new conditions, power is no longer concentrated in the institution of the nation state, but has been spread and transformed in the global networks of wealth and information. This new power is placed in the codes of information and in representational images, but it has moved in the direction of conflict with the dominant logic of the networked world and has been involved in defensive and offensive conflicts of resistance at individual, national and transnational levels, leading to the formation of religious fundamentalism. In other words, the process of the global economy has gained extraordinary momentum and a current with such a huge scope has had many effects in various societies, especially underdeveloped societies, and has provided many reactions, such as the growth of religious fundamentalist currents. For this purpose, this research seeks to investigate religious fundamentalism in Egypt by focusing on the economic approach because, so far, previous research and sources have used the cultural approach to investigate religious fundamentalism in Egypt and by focusing on issues such as identity, nationality, etc. have investigated this issue. But with a global view, this thesis deals with the more objective level of life, which is the economic level. What effect has the global economy had on the establishment of religious fundamentalism in Egypt between the years (1974-1985)?
Methodology
This research has used the descriptive-analytical method and library sources to investigate this issue.
Results
The findings showed that the performance of the world economy in relation to Egypt's economic development had a destructive aspect and became a platform for the formation of religious fundamentalism. In fact, Egypt, which did not have a legitimate and developmental national government until the 1970s, was involved in internal conflicts, economic instability, and class divisions. In such a situation, the national government of Egypt enters the world economy under the title of opening policy to improve its status, but it becomes weaker than in the past because the indicators of the global economy, on the one hand, lead to the decline of the legitimacy and authority of the government and, on the other hand, lead to the disillusionment and dissatisfaction of the people with the economic situation of their country, which consequently provides a suitable platform for the presence and expansion of religious fundamentalism.

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Sumerian tablets are the oldest clay tablets known to exist, dating back to the mid-4th millennium BC. Babylonians have also inscribed upon clay tablets, and kept them in their organized libraries. The excavation of ancient Elba (Tell Mardikh) located in the south west of Aleppo (Halab) city, Syria, uncovered the remains of an important library. Another collection was discovered at Ras Shamra near Latakia, Syria; wich contained several deposits of cuneiform clay tablets written in Ugaritic. The library at Ugarit held an important piece of thousand - year innovation of the Middle East. On excavation of Hattusa, the major city of Hittites situated in Anatolia, (Turkey), thousands of clay tablets were found. Through centuries, the librarians of this library employed skills from other libraries of the Middle East, and found out how to inscribe their desired tablet. Thereafter, the royal library of Ashurbanipal was found in the archaeological site of Kouyunjik near the city of Mosul in Iraq. In relation to the libraries of Egypt, it should be noted that the oldest Egyptian literary works arose from the temples describing the basis of religion, which were and kept in the library or document archive of the temples. The other archive is the treasury of Persepolis, which is one of the oldest archives located in Iran.  

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Two species of the family Monophlebidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) are recorded for the first time in Oman. Icerya purchasi and Icerya seychellarum are occurred in northern Oman in Al-Jabel Al Akhdher while Icerya aegyptiaca is occurred in South Oman in Dhofar. Icerya purchasi and I. seychellarum are caused considerable damage on Punica granatum, Juglans regia, Ziziphus spina, Ficus carica, Acacia sp and Nerium oleander. The populations of the I. purchasi and I. seychellarum were considered to be exotic pests rather than aggressive native pest. These new records will be useful in the future as it could establish a solid area for researchers who will be interested to know about this species or the relation between these species with other species either from same species type or different species from other genera that could be reported in the future.

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This article compares the contexts of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the revolution of Egypt based on the theoretical model of John Foran. It is attempted to answer this question that what the similarities and differences between the revolutions of Iran and Egypt are, that the Iranian revolution has won and continued, But the Egyptian revolution did not continue after victory. The theoretical framework of this article is the John Foran's combined model of the third world social revolutions. According to this model, several structural factors affect the occurrence of social revolutions, which include: 1) dependent development; 2) repressive, monopolistic and personal government; 3) formation and crystallization of political culture of resistance and revolutionary crisis; (4) the economic recession; and (5) the open relationship with the global system. The method used in this research is qualitative method and of a documentary analysis kind, as well as a historical comparison. The results indicate that according to the third world social revolution model, all the factors suggested in this model were involved in the occurrence of two Iranian-Egyptian revolutions.

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Linkage with ancient heritage and especially mythical heritage is one of the main characteristics of contemporary Arabic poetry in general and Egyptian contemporary poetry in particular. Egyptian poets have tried to draw inspiration from myths in order to authenticate their works, as well as to speak more covered and literary and to represent their considered concepts with cryptic and symbolic expression. In this regard, the myth of Isis and Osiris with resurrection secret, again life, immortality and fertility is one of the most important myths of contemporary Egyptian poetry which has a significant and pivotal presence in the theme of their poetries and has helped them to illustrate their personal and non-personal concerns. In the active presence of these two mythical characters and their crucial role in representing concepts, the purpose of present study was to investigate how their presence and the ways of their recalling and using by three contemporary Egyptian poets, include "Amal Danghal", "Salah Abdol al-Sabour" and "Ahmad Abdol Al-Matta Hejazi" , using an analytical-descriptive method. It can be deduced that the mentioned poets have had a socio-political interpretation from the myth with their extensions and reflections and tried to provide approaches to overcome the various challenges the inclusion of these two characters in their lyrics. Therefore, the mentioned myth may testify the wishes and desires of its poets.

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Abstract  
The conquest of Egypt by Cambyses and his good performances and his successors in Egypt, according to new findings, did not cause the Egyptians not to be influenced by the messy conditions of the kingdom and not rebel. Using original data and archaeological discoveries, this research explains the frequent Egyptian uprisings in the first era of the rule of the Achaemenid rulers in Egypt, and the failure to achieve the goals, discrimination and the humiliation of Egyptian society, the main assumption of the rebellion in Takes the view. Therefore, the present paper addresses the question of how the relationship between the Achaemenid kingdoms and Egypt and the Egyptian uprising in Egypt are dealt with in a descriptive and analytical way. The study, considering the historical and cultural background of Egypt, after examining and explaining the historical and archaeological statements related to this issue, has revealed the nature of the repeated insurrection of the Egyptian people in Egypt in direct connection with their dissatisfaction with the domination of Iran over Egypt and the feeling of humiliation Because of the non-Egyptian origin of the Achaemenid king, Egyptians appreciate, despite all their great efforts in Egypt.
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Egyptian broomrape Phelipanche aegyptiaca is a parasitic weed that infests its hosts and feeds on the sap, significantly impacting crop yields. This experiment aims to control the Egyptian broomrape in its seed germination stage and reduce the damage to tomatoes. Fertilizer treatments included urea, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate at the rate of 150, 250, and 300 kg h^-1 respectively, which were applied in three divided stages. Organic herbicide, before transplanting at the rate of six per thousand, and the humic acid plus phosphorus at the rate of two and 60 kg ha^-1 in two stages were used in wet soil using calibrated backpack sprayers equipped with a nozzle. Also, four applications of sulfosulfuron (Apiros^®, 75% WG) at the rate of 35 g ha^-1 at intervals of 30, 40, 50, and 60 days after planting seedlings, and not weeding the Egyptian broomrape (broomrape-infested tomato) were among the other treatments in the experiment. The results revealed that the effect of experimental treatments on the studied traits of tomato and Egyptian broomrape was significant. Application of four stages of sulfosulfuron increased fruit number per plant and yield by 41% and 77%, respectively, compared to the weed-infested control. Herbicide application reduced Egyptian broomrape density by 89% per tomato plant compared to the weed-infested control. Applying sulfosulfuron and humic acid plus phosphorus reduced the dry weight of Egyptian broomrape by 78% and 69%, respectively, compared to the weed-infested control. Also, the relationship between the studied traits in Egyptian broomrape and tomatoes was inconsistent and significant. Based on our results, four applications of sulfosulfuron was recognized as the most effective in reducing the morphological characteristics of Egyptian broomrape and increasing tomato yield in the field. Also, applying two stages of humic acid plus phosphorus effectively reduced broomrape’s adverse effects and increased tomato yield.

 

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Sometimes, determining the amount of damage and the time and place of its assessment in out-of-contract responsibilities is very difficult. Maybe the person who has incurred a loss does not claim damages or may not be able to do so immediately after the damage. Therefore, there might be a period from the presentation of the petition and compensation payment. Meanwhile, the value of money and the compensation payment might increase or decrease. Sometimes, the place of damage is different from that of petition and compensation payment, or the property is moved, which has different prices in different places; so, it is necessary to determine criteria for assessing the time and place of the damage. The present research is a library study, and the method employed is descriptive, analytical, and comparative. We first mention compensation payment and its practices, then according to the judicial procedure to determine the damage, the time and place of damage assessment in compulsory security and out-of-contract responsibilities have been examined comparatively in Iran and Egypt law are compared. Finally, it is concluded that in Iranian law, there is a difference between fungible and curator. In assessing the fungible in case of apology or loss, it is the price on the day of sentence execution and it is the last price. In curator properties, the day of sentence execution is determined. The assessment place is also determined based on the criteria of time, payment place, and sentence execution. Egyptian law does not differentiate between fungible and curator, and rather sets the day of sentence as the time criteria; place is not explicitly referred to either. The legal criteria of Iran are better as they are in line with the goals of civil liability.

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Traditions and manners of Nuba is part of Egyptian’s culture which is emerged in novelists’ works of Nuba in various ways and most of the times they have been denied and objected; because ignorance and prejudice govern them, is routed in their culture and except in very few cases, they never change. The novel “playing over Nuba Mountains” by Edris Ali is one of the Novels which is clearly analyzed the problem of fidelity to the manners and traditions and of course disaffiliation of the people with external world. It is also illustrated cultural difference of north and south of the Egypt.Hence, present study has studied manners and traditions of the novel “playing over the Nuba Mountains” and analyzed its constant and diverse factors according to the theory of social relationship and alteration. The most important consequence of the study is that novel’s champion, “Ghade”, could break their deep and constant traditions and this success is indebted to Ghade’s unique properties which diversified her from other non Nubi people who were on Malti, the place of the novel’s incidences. The most crucial alterations because of her presence, can be summarized as two main cases: the first one is encouraging the girls of the village to change their appearance and hair style and second one is instructing them how to write and read. Therefore, their theory of life changed.  

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Expansion of communicational infrastructures and increase in grassroots’ access to media and cyberspace affect public’s needs, political participation and the citizens’ relationship with international, national and local political space. Nowdays[R1] , citizens in different countries have increased their awareness using communicational infrastructures and have spread out news and information in cyberspace and communicational media. They do not act passively in front of the other media like past , but they compare their life quality and legal freedoms with others by observing and evaluating the situation of their own country.  
In the late [R2] 2010, some protests were raised in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Syria that no one could anticipate them. The common point of these protests was their origin rooted in [R3] cyberspace. By dismantling Tunisia, Egypt and Libya’s governments and resignation of Yemen’s president, it can be expected that these movements can be spread in the Middle East, to other totalitarian governments of the region.
In the protests process in the region and in particular in Egypt and Tunisia, protesters used cyberspace to coordinate campaigns. The organizers of these  protests organizers [R4] in Egypt tried to take attention using devices that their audiences have, and shifted the leadership of protests from political parties and elites to the social networks.
The current study tires to answer this question using published documents and reports: In the framework of what process and under the effect of what factors cyberspace contributed to the formation of protests movements in Egypt?
 



 

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Egypt’s direct political contact with France during Napoleon’s rule over it produced new circumstances which led to the emergence of new patterns and horizons of relationship. It heralded into a new era of cultural encounter with the West via France which inaugurated the process of modernization in Egypt. The process of modernization started earlier during the period of Napoleon’s rule, however it was fully re-appropriated later on by Muhammad Ali, the architect of modern Egypt. This development brought about the following salient features of modernization in Egypt. First, it was no more externally imposed in character. Second, the Egyptian rulers independently presided over the process as well as the outcomes of the modernization project. Third, it instilled a new sense of national identity and the idea of modern nation which culminated into the emergence of the idea of Egyptian nation and nationalism, and finally it transformed Egypt into a land of renaissance in the entire Arab world and thus helped Egypt in becoming center of regional power and power politics. Though this paper is about the role of Muhammad Ali in introducing modernization process in Egypt and its consequences but it also takes the wider views of the subject under consideration.