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Braconidae (Hymenoptera) communities at high altitudes in alfalfa fields of Kerman province (Iran) were analyzed. The communities were sampled by sweep netting in 2014 and 2015. Samples were taken from three altitudinal transects: 1900–2300 m, 2400–2700 m and 2800–3100 m. A total of 1773 braconid specimens belonging to seven subfamilies were collected. Alpha, beta and gamma diversities were analyzed. The samples from 1900–2300 m and from2400–2700 m showed similar diversity, but from 2800-3100 m had the highest number of specimens and differed considerably in diversity.

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During spring and summer of 2012, a disease characterized by panicle blight was observed on some pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) trees grown in Kerman province. Eighteen isolates of a Botryosphaeriaceae were obtained from affected panicles. Based on morphological and molecular characteristics, isolates were identified as Botrysphaeria dothidea. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. dothidea associated with pistachio panicles in Iran.

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The present study provides information about parasitoid wasps of the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) collected from south of Kerman province. The specimens were caught using Malaise traps during April to September 2017. Totally 16 species belonging to 10 genera of encyrtid wasps were collected and identified. Among them, Cerchysiella Girault, 1914 and Charitopus Foerster, 1856 are new generic records for the fauna of Iran. Four species viz. Charitopus manukyani Sakhnov, 1993; Cheiloneurus submuticus Thomson, 1876; Mayridia myrlea (Walker, 1838) and Prionomitus tiliaris (Dalman, 1820) were recorded for the first time from Iran. Diagnostic characteristics are mentioned for the newly recorded species. In addition, biological associations as well as geographical distribution for all reported species are presented. An updated list of encyrtid wasps of Kerman province is also cataloged.

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Aims: The purpose of this study is to develop strategies for sustainable tourism development in the kavir of northeastern Kerman province.
Methods: The documentation and survey adopted to collect data, and 30 questionnaires collected by the Kerman Province Tourism Organization based on the snowball method. Data analysis was analyzed by SWOT matrix and QSPM matrix.
Findings: Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that among the importance of internal factors, among the strengths, the highest priority is related to the indicators of "regional road safety" with a score of 19.33; And the index of "having unique natural landscapes" with a score of 10.93 is less important in the eyes of experts among the strengths. Among the weaknesses of the index "low quality of service facilities" with a score of 18 is the most important internal weaknesses. Further analysis of external factors scores showed that among the opportunities, the highest priority is related to the index "growing trend of desert tourism activities" with a score of 18.40. The "lack of attention to tourism development in desert areas in policy-making" index with a score of 19.20 is the most important environmental threat.
Conclusion: The situation of sustainable tourism development in the northeast of Kerman province is in an aggressive state and this situation is due to the dominance of internal strengths over internal weaknesses and environmental opportunities over environmental threats. The conclusion highlights the role of green tourism in achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

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At first glance, “number” is considered as a very simple grammatical category. However, in fact, it is a complex matter in languages and it causes varieties in world languages. The present study aims at examining the plurality and number category in language varieties of some cities in Kerman province based on typological approach. The survey’s corpus is extracted from Iran Linguistic Atlas’s database (ILA) a project compiling in Research Center of Cultural Heritage and Tourism. The research results show that, the value of number category in the studied language varieties is just singular and plural. The singular nouns are encoded without marker and the plural nouns are marked. The plural markers attach to singular nouns in suffix form, therefore the strategy for plurality in the studied language varieties is morphology, which is the most common one in the world languages. The data analysis indicates that syntactic strategy is used for encoding the number category along with morphological one.

1. Introduction
At first glance, “number” is considered as a very simple grammatical category and it is simply considered for distinguishing between singularity and plurality. However, in fact, it is not a simple matter in languages and the analysis of number and plurality in languages may be a complex matter. The way number is expressed in languages are different. In this study, number category and the way for encoding it, is examined in the language varieties of some cities in Kerman province based on typological approach. Also, plural markers in the studied language varieties are introduced. For analyzing the data, Corbet (2004), Dryer (1998 & 2005) and Haspelmat (2005) are used as theoretical frameworks. The corpus of this study has been extracted from the Iran Language Atlas (ILA) database. ILA is a linguistic project of the Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism (RICHT). It aims at recording the usage of words, phrases and sentences of every regional spoken dialect of Iran’s rural areas based on a questionnaire consists of 105 words and phrases and 36 sentences. Recorded data of spoken language of 30 varieties of the said province included in ILA’s database.   
Research questions:
1. What is (are) the strategy(s) of encoding the "number" category in the studied language varieties?
2. Which forms of number (singular/plural) are marked and is the presence of marker on noun obligatory?
3. What kinds of number values do exist in the studied language varieties?
 
2. Literature Review
According to traditional grammar, there are singular and plural number in Persian. Singular in contrast with plural refers to one person or object in real world. There are two markers for plural nouns in Persian /-hɑ/ and /ɑn/ which are attached as a suffix to the end of the singular nouns (Anvari and Ahmadi Givi 2008:85). Singular nouns are zero-marked in Persian. Lazard (2010) and Mahutian (2008) mentioned that /-hɑ/ is used in both spoken and written styles and /-ɑn/ which is changed to /-un/ in spoken language. Windfuhr and Perry (2009) believes that /-ɑn/ is less frequent, denoting animates, paired parts of body, and a few other words. Paul (2019:585-586) states that   /-ɑn/ goes back to the Middle Persian and it was used for plural nouns in oblique case. In standard modern Persian, this plural suffix denotes the plural of animate nouns. He adds that in Modern Persian /-ɑn/ is almost replaced by /-hɑ/. But sometimes the usage of /-hɑ/ instead of /-ɑn/ causes difference in meaning of words. Shaghaghi (2007:55, 71) states that the plural markers in Persian are inflectional, because they do not produce a new word. However according to Ghomeshi (2003:56-57) they are derivational as they are variants based on different registers. Roshan and Ghadiri (2015) have mentioned that the suffix /-hɑ/ in Persian with time words refers to the meaning of repetition, along with plurality. Darzi and Ghadiri (2011) have studied the quantitative features of /-hɑ/ in Persian. They believe that this suffix with some time words shows quantitative features. Jam (2020) has examined the pronunciation of /-hɑ/ in Persian based on the theory of optimality. Different semantic functions of the suffix /-hɑ/ based on typological approach are studied by Bahrami (2018). According to Givon (2001) singularity is unmarked in the world languages but plurality is morphologically marked. He believes that in some languages plural forms are used just for animated nouns. Croft (2003) has mentioned that different languages show various behaviors in plurality. In some languages singular nouns are without marker but plural ones have markers on them. In some other languages both singular and plural nouns are with different markers. Also, there are a few languages in which none of the singular and plural nouns have markers on them. Some of the Iranian scholars like Rezai Baghbidi & Mahmoodi Bakhtiari (2005), Sharifi & Akhlaghi (2012), Karimi & Fallahi (2012) and Faalhi & Karimi (2015) have studied number category in some Iranian languages. 
3. Methodology
This research is descriptive-analytical and is a field study, based on an original survey on natural linguistic data of the studied languages. Through this research, the singular nouns and their plural forms have been extracted from database and then analyzed according to the research theoretical frameworks. The data are from ILA database of Kerman province. In this study all 30 language varieties which are available in ILA database of Kerman province, are examined based on theoretical frameworks. The research corpus consists of 328 plural nouns and noun phrases.
 
4. Results
The Research aims at studying the “number” category in language varieties of some cities of Kerman Province based on typological approach. The data are from ILA database. Results show that the number system values are singular and plural in the whole analyzed research data. The singular nouns are zero-marked, but the plural ones have markers which are obligatory. The plural markers are in suffix forms attached to the singular nouns. The strategies of number category in all studied language varieties are morphological and syntactic ones.
 
Table 1.
 Plural markers in Kerman province language varieties
 

	Language variety	Plural Marker				Example	Tranlation
		-ɑ	-hɑ	-ɑn/ -un	-lær/ -nær
1	Persian	+	+	+	-	deræXt-ɑ Xorus-hɑ-j-e  sijɑ Ɂɑn  zæn-ɑn deræXt-un	trees black cocks those women trees
2	Abgarmi	+	-	-	-	Xorus-ɑ   sijɑ	black cocks
3	Eshkur	+	-	-	-	doXtær -ɑ  Xub	good girls
4	Barfe	+	+	-	-	Xorus-ɑ   sijɑ Ɂu  zejfe-hɑ	black cocks thoes women
5	Baluchi	-	+	+	-	deræXt-hɑ Ɂɑn  ʤæn-ɑn	trees thoes women
6	Turkic	-	-	-	+	jɑXʧe Gez-lær jɑXʧe oɣlɑn-nær	good girls good boys
7	Heydarabadi	+	-	-	-	Ɂʊ  mærd-k-ɑ	those men
8	Dehaji	+	-	-	-	deræXt-ɑ	trees
9	Ruzbehabad	+	-	+	-	morq-ɑ-j-e  sijɑ pesær-ɑn-e  Xub	blach hens good boys
10	Zangiabadi	+	-	-	-	doXtær-u-w-ɑ   Xub	good girls
11	Sohrab	+	-	-	-	deræXt-ɑ	trees
12	Sharikabad	+	-	+	-	ɟilim-ɑ  pesær-ɑn-e   Xub	rugs good boys
13	Shambuie	+	+	+	-	ɟilim-ɑ  deræXt-hɑ morɟ-un-e  sijɑ	rugs trees black hens
14	Shamili	+	+	+	-	Xorus -ɑ-j-e sijɑ deræXt-hɑ   ɟilim-un Ɂon mærd-ɑn	black cocks trees carets those men
15	Aliabadi	+	-	+	-	deræXt-ɑ pesær-ɑn-e  Xub	trees good boys
16	Ghaleasgari	+	-	-	-	doXtær-ɑ  Xub	good girls
17	Keykhosravi	+	-	-	-	ɟilim-ɑ	rugs
18	Rudbari	-	+	+	-	deræXt-hɑ Xorus-un-e  sijɑ	trees black cocks
19	Lalezari	+	-	-	-	deræXt-ɑ	trees
20	Rashki	-	-	+	-	ʔɑ  zæn-un	those women
21	Faryab	+	-	+	-	morʁ-ɑ-j-e  sijɑ dot-un-e  Xub	black hens good girls
22	Kahnuji	-	-	+	-	doXtær-un-e  Xub	good girls
23	Maarazi	-	-	+	-	dot-un-e  Xub	good girls
24	Manujani	-	-	+	-	ʧok-un –e  xub	good boys
25	Mazare	+	-	-	-	deræXt-ɑ	trees
26	Mamuli	+	-	-	-	deræXt-ɑ	trees
27	Mehrabadi	+	-	-	-	morq-ɑ  sijɑ	black hens
28	Meymand	+	-	-	-	Ɂɑn  mært –ǝke-ɑ	those men
29	Medvari	+	-	-	-	Ɂɑn  zen-ǝk-ɑ	those women
30	Garmsiri	-	+	+	-	Ɂɑn  zən-un deræXt-ə-hɑ	thoes women trees

+ Used in this language varieties
- Not used in this language varieties
 
The figure 1 shows that among the plural markers used in Kerman province language varieties, the usage frequency of /-ɑ/ is the highest and /-lær/ or /-nær/ are the lowest ones. Sometimes the informants do not use the plural forms by mistakes under negative interview circumstances. The last column in figure 1 indicates its frequency.
 
Figure 1.
 The frequency of plural markers usage in the studied language varieties