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In semiotics, the denotative relationship is established between the three aspects of the sign, the object, and the interpretation of the same sign, and symbolic processes find endless meanings and this relationship classifies the symbolic, indexical and iconic species. Proverbs are taken from the context of a linguistic community that form multiple meanings and show gender construction. with semiotic studies, the significations of the opposition between man and woman in proverbs can be investigated. In this article, the concept of gender in proverbs of Tati language is investigated with Peirce's semiotic model in order to evaluate and analyze the reflection of their linguistic elements in all kinds of signs. Based on the result, Tati proverbs are mostly in the form of symbolic signs. The highest frequency is objectification and then otherness. The symbolic contrast between male and female gender and the discourse order and hierarchical position of this concept in the form of ideas of superiority/inferiority, value/worthless, human/animal, authoritarianism/weakening, center/periphery, self/other, norm/abnormal, friend/ Enemy and Dominant/Dominant have been classified and conceptualized. This opposition represents the idea of the otherness of the female gender and the superiority of the male gender over it as a dominant discourse. Based on this, the gender structure of this concept can be shaped in relation to the language type of Tat tribes of Northern Khorasan.

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Abstract
Aims: Affected by natural and human phenomena, the spatial order forms the urban network. In a balanced urban system, due to hierarchical functions and activities in different cities, and fair provision of services to the existing population, there are hierarchical links between cities. The aim of this study was to investigate the urban network based on functional analysis and factors affecting the urban network deformation in Khorasan Razavi province.
Instruments and Methods: Using survey research method, the present descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2015 among 118 experts of the provincial government, Road and Urban Development Office of Khorasan Razavi province, Governorate, Municipalities, University Jihad of Ferdowsi University, Geography professors of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, and mayors of Khorasan Razavi province; In this study, convenience sampling method was used. The research tool was researcher made questionnaire. Factors affecting spatial imbalance were evaluated through structural equation modeling and confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, using SPSS 22 and Lisrel 8.52 software.
Findings: Economic, infrastructural, and political factors had the greatest effect on spatial imbalance with factor loading of 0.77, 0.75, and 0.75, respectively.
Conclusion:  Mashhad is at the highest and Bajgiran is at the lowest level in terms of development factors. Among the factors influencing the spatial imbalance, the changes in the country's division in the provincal level (change village to city), centralized system governance, the lack of attention to the role of the middle cities in division of labor (political factors), the focus of activities in metropolises, disproportionate allocation of credits at the provincial level, the focus of roles in Mashhad (economic factors), and the focus of superior educational and health-care services (infrastructural factors) have a more effective role.

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The genus Euxoa Hübner, [1821] is regarded as the most highly evolved among the genera of the subfamily Noctuinae and contains by far the largest number of species of the subfamily in Europe and in the Palaearctic region. Fifty-four species of this genus has been already reported from Iran. In this paper a list of 17 already recorded species and subspecies of Euxoa from the north-east of Iran is given and discussed. Furthermore, E. acuminifera (Eversmann, 1854) is newly reported for the fauna of Iran. Figures of its adult male and female and their genitalia are provided together with bionomics and distribution of the species.

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The Meloidae, known as blister beetles, a widespread family of Tenebrionoidea that includes approximately 2500 species, is still scarcely known faunistically in several areas of the world. Because of specific biogeographical feature, Iran harbors a rich diversity of meloids and due to the lack of basic and integrated studies, particularly in eastern parts of Iran, our current knowledge of Iranian meloids should be considered preliminary. In order to improve the knowledge of the meloidae species of north eastern Iran, faunistic investigations on blister beetles of this region were carried out during 2011-2012. Collected specimens as well as deposited specimens in Insect Museum of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad were examined, in detail. As a result, 31 species belonging to 11 genera from 2 subfamilies were identified. Among the identified specimens, 24 species were new for fauna of Khorasan provinces. Ctenopus sinuatipennis Fairmaire (1892) is reported for the first time from Iran.  

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This research conducted in order to prioritize the effective criteria on development of medicinal plants cultivation in North Khorasan Province using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Delphi methods. For this purpose, a list of effective factors offered to delphi group. Analysis of delphi process showed that among 23 offered factors 19 factors, had greater impact on development of medicinal plants cultivation. Hierarchy tree was drawn through grouping of 19 factors into four criteria including economic, promotional-educational services, cultural-social and supportive policies factors. The pair wise comparison questionnaires were then distributed among relevant researchers and experts of the province to get their opinions about the priority of criteria and sub- criteria. The questionnaires were analyzed using Expert Choice software. The result revealed that economic criterion with respective weight of 0.406 had the most impact among four criteria affecting the development of medicinal plants cultivation. The supportive policies (respective weight of 0.275), educational-extension services (respective weight of 0.193) and cultural-social factors (respective weight of 0.125) received the maximum towards the minimum priorities, respectively. The results of synthesis process showed that among the 19 factors, the guaranteed purchase and establishing of pilot fields of medicinal plants, farmers' awareness of comparative advantage of medicinal plants, and the development of processing industries had the maximum towards minimum impacts on development of medicinal plants cultivation.

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Prelude: Due to the special characteristics and conditions of Security of the border, deployment of security in such areas is important.any form of insecurity in a border zone can seriously threaten different aspects of security in the country. Deployment of security along the border and in the border zone requires in the first place, investigation, and identification of natural and human-made features within the border zone. identification of natural and geographic features of a border zone is of paramount importance owing to the crucial role played by such bio-foundations in the social life and development of the border zone. They further contribute largely to borderline monitoring, management, and control systems.
Goal: The present research seeks to investigate the states of natural features, including the border stream, topography, and vegetation, in the Iran-Afghanistan border zone in Khorasan Razavi and further evaluates their impact on borderline and border zone security. materials and ways: the required data was extracted from the OLI sensor on the Landsat Satellite(2018), with the data then analyzed using GIS and remote sensing techniques in the ENVI )5.3(.
Conclusion: The findings showed that water scarcity and insufficient depth of Harirood River in most parts of the year set the scene for illegal trafficking of goods and drugs across the border, negatively impacting the border zone security. This further holds true for the seasonal lake of Namakar in the border zone between the two countries. Considering the topography, existing maps indicate that the presence of highlands in the vicinity of the Iran-Afghanistan borderline and extension of particular highlands into the mainland of Afghanistan have negatively influenced the border security.

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During a study on fauna of the frit flies (Diptera: Chloropidae) in Khorasan Razavi province (Iran) in 2014 and 2015, nine species of six genera were collected and identified. Platycephala rugosa (Nartshuk, 1964) is recorded for the first time for Iranian fauna. Geographical distribution and biological notes are provided.

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Iranian species of the genus Erigorgus Forster, 1869 are taxonomically reviewed. The sampling was done using Malaise traps in Eastern provinces of Iran. Two species, Erigorgus cerinops (Gravenhorst, 1829) and Erigorgus fibulator (Gravenhorst, 1829) are reviewed, of which the second species represents occurrence of this genus in East of Iran. A brief diagnosis based on the reliable morphological characters, as well as an illustrated key to Iranian species are provided. The geographical distribution of the recorded species in the Palaearctic regions is also discussed.

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A survey was carried out on the genus Colotrechnus Thomson, 1878 (Hym., Pteromalidae) in North Eastern (North Khorasan) and South Eastern (Kerman) provinces of Iran. Two species including Colotrechnus subcoeruleus Thomson, 1878 and Colotrechnus viridis (Masi, 1921) were found, of which the first species is newly recorded from Iran. The new findings represent distribution of this genus along a wide area in Eastern provinces of Iran. An illustrated key to known Iranian species, as well as a brief diagnosis for each species are provided. A distribution map throughout the Palaearctic region is also generated and discussed.

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During 2010–2011, a faunistic study of the family Syrphidae was carried out in Torbat Heydarie, Roshtkhar and Khaf (Razavi Khorasan province), northeastern Iran. Among the collected specimens, we found two species, Paragus gussakovskii Bańkowska and Platycheirus immarginatus Zetterstedt which are new records for the fauna of Iran.

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Approaches and intensions (purposes) of dialogue in Mazandarani and Khorasani folk couplets
Abstract
Conversation is one of the basic devices and techniques used by the writers and poets to bestow a deeper understanding of their intensions to the reader. This literary device has three manifestations in literature: Dialogue, monologue, and homologue. Although dialogue is mostly used in dramatic literature e.g. tragedy and stories e.g. novel, it has its special aesthetics in folk literature. Through a descriptive analytical method, this study was set out to investigate the approaches types in dialogues and the purposes behind them in the couplets of Mazandaran and Khorasan. Results indicated that dialogues and monologues were mostly used in folk literature. In dialogue, purposes such as asking for a kiss from the beloved and the presence of another lover are discussed. Public dialogues, within the theoretical framework of this study, were not observed in couplets. The researchers have investigated couplets addressing the public based on the purpose of the lover asking for witness to his own purposes and intentions.
Key terms: dialogue, monologue, homologue, folk couplets Mazandarani and Khorasani
Vida Saravi: Ph.D. candidate in Persian language and literature, Roudehen Islamic Azad University (corresponding author)
Mahdi Mahuzi, Associate prof. of Islamic Azad university Branch of Roudehen
Mahmud Tavossi, prof.of Islamic Azad university Baranch of Roudehen

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In the second half of the 5th century A.H. ,in a region named Arran, being influenced by the Iranian politics, culture and literature, some great poets, such as Nizami Gandjavi and Khagani Shervani emerged, claiming to devise a new style in farsi poetry. These innovative poets made drastic changes to the former style and determined the route of literary developments for some centuries. The greatest changes made were poetical vocabulary increased by introducing words and terms related to the different domains of thought, science and culture and the life of ordinary people; poetry liberated from the dominance of eulogy and enriched by the thoughts related to the various aspects of science and practice; poems more humanized and individualized and imagery more extensive and diverse than those of former poetry styles This article compares the Azarbaigani School of Persian poetry whit the Khorasani and Iraqi Schools known as the first and second ages of the Persian poetry. The article introduces the Azarbaijani School as a transitional period between the former mainly specified by naturalistic views and the latter mostly differentiated by mystic aspects. The author believes that the transitional school takes “human” into consideration to perform its role as a bridge between the aforementioned attitudes. This article investigates the situation of “human” in the Azarbaijani School and compares the interaction between “poet” and “human” in the considered school with the others.

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The implementation of enterprise resource planning is complex, and the failure rate remains excessive. This study proposes a prediction approach based on FDEMATEL and FMCDM for ERP success. The literature has reported over 30 critical success factors for ERP implementation, but companies typically are not aware to exploit them. At first, about 21CSFs from literature and expert opinion are elaborated into key performance indices, which are categorized in three groups; organizational, tactical and technical factors. These factors associated with each stage of ERP implementation by ten local ERP experts. Second, a three stage ERP implementation model is proposed. Further, it uses fuzzy DEMATEL and the evaluation of ten experts to evaluate weighting of each CSFs. At the next step after using FMCDM method to obtain possible rating of success of ERP performance, remedial actions are identified to see if the performance is below expectation. The proposed approach is helpful to predict the success of ERP without actually adopted ERP in companies. Iran Khodro Khorasan Company is selected to illustrate the effects of the assessment model, which is also currently is using consulting company specializing in ERP implementation services. With further evaluation by local experts, the model has the potential to serve as a guideline for ERP implementation (even in other countries). Results confirmed that organizations considering organizational factors less than other factors. some of important factors are top management support, identification of ERP objects, change management, sufficient financial budget, project management, sufficient implementation team, effective communication and training.

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  Khorasan Razavi Province with 6.83 % Iran milk production is an important area of animal husbandry. In this study, the relationship between milk composition and total bulk milk somatic cell counts was investigated. 123 samples of bulk tank milk were randomly selected from 41 dairy farmers in the Province of Khorasan Razavi (Iran) during April–March 2006, every month. A total of 1476 samples were analyzed. Samples were analyzed for acidity, fat, protein content  and somatic cell counts. The results showed that the season of raw milk production did not have significant effect on the acidity. Fat concentration increased gradually from spring to winter and there were significant difference between spring and other seasons (P<0.05). Higher levels of the protein content were observed in samples collected during the autumn and winter seasons. The highest total bulk milk somatic cell counts were in July. Total bulk milk somatic cell counts had significant impact on acidity, fat and protein content. Moreover, the level of acidity and fat in milk decreased with increasing SCC (P<0.01, P<0.05 respectively). A significant (P<0.001) positive relationship was observed between total bulk milk somatic cell and protein content in milk. Also, positive correlation (R² = 0.91) were established between direct microscopic cell count and Somatos instrument.

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A vital consideration must be implied on recognizing and investigating the Ural plannings of old and ancient cities. Old architectural Ural plannings as Iranian civil and culture symbol, are historical documents, which exhibit experiences from old Iranians. Warm regions form a major part of our country. City Ural plannings are totally based on the special warm and dry weather, which provides the responses to the people of the region. Accordingly, a similar condition is considered for all warm and dry regions in Iran. Sarayan is one of the cities located around the central desert of Iran, which contains the ancient and valuable Ural planning proportional to the condition of the region. This city is located in southern Khorasan province and the north western part of this province. Special regional properties, mountains and deserts neighborhood and being along a connective road have made Sarayan a place for residence, which caused its extension and growth. An alive spirit is exposing from past up to now according to different architectures from the Timurid to Pahlavid and six different areas inside the city, as well as distinctive architectures inside each area. This field and library research has been done in order to rebuild the urban Ural planning of Sarayan from Safavid to the first Pahlavid.  

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Mohammad Foladi, PH.D.
Mansoor Ebrahimi, PH.D.
 
Abstract   
The current article tries to study the natural elements mentioned in the poems of two important poets of Khorasani style i.e. Unsuri Balkhi and Manuchehri Damghani. For that matter, first, those elements in the poems of Unseri were defined based on ten ingresses and with an emphasis on plants and animals and then with the help of SPSS software these were extracted, analyzed and compared with the elements in the poems of Manuchehri. Results show that almost all literature of Manuchehri and Unsuri contain at least one natural element which is indicator of a particular emphasis of these two poets on nature and environment. Flowers, plants, birds and animals have been reflected widely in their poems. Among birds, although nightingale often reflected in the poems of these two poets but birds are more common in the works of Manuchehri. Among domesticated animals, horse, elephant and camel and among undomesticated animals, tigers have applied most that have been analyzed by the current paper.
 
 

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In this article, the linguistic elements of folklore culture of Ta'ziyeh in Southern Khorasan are analyzed. To this aim, elements such as idioms, conjunctive verbs, titles, acknowledgments, murmurs, swear words, allegories, lullabies, proverbs, curses and words, are extracted. Then, each of these linguistic elements is presented with samples based on the method borrowed from Iranian Folklore Language and Literature and critically and analytically reviewed. The reviews show that the linguistic elements of the culture of Southern Khorasan's people are imported through the verses of Ta'ziyeh, as indigenous words, idioms, allegories, new compositions and other linguistic elements. These have undoubtedly profoundly influenced on the creation of the Ta'ziyehs, or at least the recreation of them, and has brought the language of Ta'ziyeh into the simple and common language of the people, thus, providing easy and simple expressions of cultural and expressive values. This has distinguished the language of the Ta'ziyeh from the official language. On the other hand, the texts of the Ta'ziyeh show that due to the proper links and connections among the constituent linguistic elements, the sentences in the texts of the Ta'ziyeh have a proper consistency and cohesion as well as suitable massages and expression. 
 

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Complaint is one of the main types of lyrical literature. Poets, who see their existence as tarnished and even loved, express their biographies in the language of complaint and express their intellectual pain, failures, sufferings and disappointments. This descriptive-analytical research intends to investigate the theme of complaint in the popular couplets of Mazandaran and Khorasan. By studying more than 3000 popular couplets in Mazandaran and Khorasan, 435 couplets, that is about14.5% of the complaint theme, were discovered. These glories are divided into two categories in terms of content: personal and philosophical. Based on the research findings, it can be said that in Khorasan, the lover complains about the unfaithfulness of the beloved, and in Mazandaran, the complaint about the grief of homelessness has the highest frequency. In other complaints, such as complaints about the sorrow of love, homesickness, military service, parents, a love rival, loneliness, co an unfaithful woman, bad luck, the times, and God. The statistics of complaints in the two provinces are close to each other.
 

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Reza Rohani, PH.D.
 
Abstract
 
The author of this article introduces one of the examples of religious poems composed by Qaysar Aminpour to praise the 8^th Infallible Heir of Prophet Mohammad (Blessings of God upon him and his progeny), Imam Reza (Peace be upon him), which is an ode, titled: “Roads of Khorasan”. The author of the article studies and structurally analyzes this poem in regard to format and content based on novel criticism models.
The study reveals that the poet has selected an appropriate format for his considered text, idea, and emotions via appropriately blending different elements of music and a simple, lively, and friendly language.