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In the current research, based on the descriptive-analytical method, the phonological and morphological changes of Persian loanwords in the process of localization, as well as the influence and impact of the Persian language on the Ottoman Turkish language, have been studied. For this purpose, by referring to all the dictionaries, the dictionary of definitions and allusions, thematic dictionaries and encyclopedias that were written during the period of the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia, the data required for this research, which were about 6000 Persian loanwords, were collected and examined. In this research, using Excel software and with the help of computer, the percentage and frequency of occurrence of common processes in the field of phonology and morphology have been determined. The results of the research show that among phonetic and phonological processes including vowel harmony, phonetic over differentiation, assimilation, metathesis, insertion, omitition, lenition, and weakening; Vowel harmony, which is one of the prominent features of Turkish as an agglutinating language, has the highest frequency. In the morphological field where the processes of composition and derivation were examined, derivation has the most frequency. Despite the different typological characteristics of the Persian and Turkish languages, the relationship between these two languages ​​has been extensive and its consequences have been remarkably one-sided, the consequence of which is the existence of many Persian words in the Ottoman Turkish language.
 

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Background: Osteoporosis is one of the most common metabolic bone diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a walking education program based on the health belief model (HBM) on osteoporosis among women. Material and Methods: In this quasi-experimental research design, 120 patients (60 experimental and 60 control),who were registered with the health centers in Fasa City of Fars Province, Iran, participated in the study in 2014. A questionnaire consisting of demographic information and HBM constructs was used at pre-intervention, immediately after their intervention, and then six months later. Bone mineral density (BMD) was recorded at the lumbar spine and femur prior to and six months post-intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS19' through 'chi-square test, independent t-test, repeated measure ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Immediately and six months after the intervention, the experimental group showed increased in knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers perceived, self-efficacy, perceived internal cues to action and walking performance compared to the control group. Six months after the intervention, the value of lumbar spine BMD T-Score in the experimental group increased to 0.127, while in the control group it decreased to -0.043. The value of the hip BMD T Score in the intervention group increased to 0.125 and in contrast, it decreased to-0.028 in the control group. Conclusions: This study showed the increased knowledge and walking behavior regarding walking benefits could improve bone density. Therefore, HBM model can be a basic framework for designing and 'carrying out' educational interventions for women’s osteoporosis.

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Eight wheat varieties some of which were earlier reported to be resistant to Pythium arrhennmanes, were inoculated with P. arrhenomanes. Inoculation was performed by placing 2-day-old seedlings on the edge of a P. arrhenomanes culture on corn meal agar for 3 h at 25°C. Infected seedlings were then transferred to test tubes (9 mm dia.) containing glass beads and 1 ml of sterile water, and incubated for 4 days at 25°O Non-inoculated seedlings were exposed to the toxic metabolite(s) from P. arrhenomanes by placing them in test tubes containing 1 ml of a 25-day-old culture filtrate of P. arrhenomanes. Non-inoculated seedlings grown in test tubes containing sterile water served as controls. Measurements were taken on root and shoot length, as well as fresh and dry root and shoot weights. There was an indication that it may be possible to use the toxic metabolite(s) in screening for resistance to P. arrhenomanes. Although all of the varieties appeared to be susceptible, there were some differences among them in their reaction to fungal infection or exposure to the toxic metabolite(s).

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Politics is a product of geography and tourism, which is one of the geopolitical foundations of Iran, has not been unaffected by politics and has had many vicissitudes in proportion to political developments and political relations with the world in Iran and after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. Iran, with all its historical, cultural, and natural attractions in recent years, has been able to achieve relative success in this field, and the efforts and attention of tourism industry activists, the expansion of mass communication network, government facilitation policies, and attention to infrastructure, education and welfare have been among the most important reasons. Undoubtedly, the political relations of the countries have not been ineffective in the development of tourism cooperation, and the security, welfare, educational, as well as strengthened historical, cultural, and territorial commonalities between the two countries have been effective in expanding these tourist exchanges. For this purpose, the required data for the research have been collected from the content of upstream laws and programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran by the documentary method. The results show that the more countries have strengthened political relations, the more they are developed in tourism. This is, of course, clear in the case of Iran and Oman, which have been studied on a case-by-case basis. At the same time, if more infrastructure, welfare, and advertising facilities are developed, they will enjoy more prosperity.

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Ph.D. Student of Persian Language and Literature , Tehran University & Researcher of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature Romanticists have been the center of global attention for two decades by providing a new viewpoint in the fields of literal, cultural, social and political global studies. Romanticism as a live school of thought is a fundamental Part of modern culture more than being a real phenomenon of 19th century. Actually it is a new approach in global studies more than a mere literal school. The most important principle of this school is individualism, individual perfection and individual unlimitation,with emphasizing the role of imagination. From the literary aspect it is a new and ontological evaluation through poetry. Imagination has an important place in the aesthetics of Romanticism, actually the special approach of this school to Imagination, should have specified and distinguished it from the others. Modern art and literature in Iran comes from our familiarity with western thought which lead us to understand western culture and Philosophy. Definitely it is very important to understand different origins of this thought for a better understanding of it. In this article, we survey one of the Romanticism aesthetic features, i.e. "imagination" and its emergence in Persian poetry during the "constitutional time", as the earliest time of this style evolution.

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The Sufi woman, Shavana from Ubulla near Basra is Iranian Sufi mystic poet woman, whose incredible and splendid spirits and speeches have been quoted by many hagiographers. There is a little known about her biography and that of other Sufi women.
The purpose of this paper is to survey about her life, personality, and her works. She lived in the 2^nd Hijra century and was one of the Sufi women of Basra who all had taken the path of poverty and asceticism.
Threat and sorrow is on of the feature of these Sufi women. Shavaneh also was living with prays, sorrow and continuous crying. 
 She had a beautiful and melodious voice. Her meetings were attended by men and women and she cited some versus before them and the audience was crying with her. Her indigently life reveals his non-interest in the world and its attachments.  
She met Fuzail Iyaz, a famous khorasanian Sufi and gave him some pieces of advices. Some of her plainsongs are available today.

 

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One goal of comparative studies of literature is to search for the human “truth” that has appeared as archetypes in the literature of all nations and all times. In this paper, the author draws an archetypal comparison of romantic love in the French story of "Tristan and Iseult" and the Iranian epic romance "Samak-e-‘Ayyar". It starts with explaining the Jungian concepts of mother and father archetypes, anima and animus, conscious and unconscious, as well as collective conscious and unconscious. Since individuation process in the Jungian psychology has to do with the connection between the conscious and unconscious, the tale romantic love could be seen as individuation process in which each lover seeks to connect to his/her anima (feminine unconscious) and animus (masculine unconscious), based on his/her gender. After providing a synopsis of each story, the author explains the archetypal roles and symbolic meanings of kings, queens, heroes, witches, and princesses in each story using Marie-Louise Von Franz’s methodology for the interpretations of fairy tales. It then compares romantic love in each story by analyzing its characters, functions, and events, and explaining its similarities and differences. Since archetypal literary analysis reveals the attitude, outlook, and behaviors of the people that the myths are originated among them, this comparative study aims to answer to a rather broad question: How is it that in the French story of the 12th century, romantic love ends with death and tragedy; however, in the pre-Islamic Iranian tale, it ends with the :union: of lovers?  

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Examining proverbs can be influential to know different aspects of every culture because the culture of every nation and group is illustrated in its proverbs. The goal of this research is to study the position of family and woman in Bakhtiari proverbs with Feminism critical view. The research methodology is to analyze qualitative content. In these proverbs, women have supreme, inferior and equal position with men. When we talk about private matters, women are holy creatures and superior to men. In public and social proverbs, women are inferior to men. In general proverbs, women’s positions are equal to those of men. In most proverbs, men are dominant, and desirable ideas in the society are institutionalized for men. Marriage, criticizing polygamy, knowledge before marriage, ways to know spouse, and family related subjects are reflected in these proverbs.

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Allegory, is one of terms that despite extensive use and antiquity in the west rhetoric because of had some commonalities and differences whit other rhetorical ornaments, such as metaphor, symbol, emblem, irony and etc. literary critics and rhetorician in providing precise definition and determination of functions of allegory encountered to confusion hence credibility and significance of it in the difference periods according to the intellectual currents to become whit many ups and downs. The Romantic school was one of the processes that first time rhetoricians have tried to study features and functions of allegory compared whit symbol for distinct of borders these two terms and provide precise definitions and specific characteristics of each terms. In fact we owe modern mean of allegory those comments of some ones such as, Goethe, Schelling, August Wilhelm Schlegel and Coleridge. These rhetoricians did the first systematic efforts in clarifying and defining the meaning of the term allegory. On this basis, the essays aim of the writer has been presented a report of functions and features of allegory in the Romanticism school passer authority over critical comments in this regard, such as ; Goethe, Schelling, A. W. Schlegel and Coleridge.

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Fotoohi . M. , PH.D.
 
Abstract
This essay is concentrated on Romantic Image. Romantic Image essentially is deferent with classic, symbolic, Surrealistic and imagistic Image, in nature and aesthetic. The author sets forth essence of romantic Image in three sections: The first section explains four special feature of Romantic Image 1) poet's transmutation in nature and things 2) images as shadow 3) running images and 4) individual aspect of image). The second section discusses the relation between images and their places in context of poem with two features of connection and running. The third section explains three functions of romantic images. The final part deals with the metaphoric pole of language in romantic writings.
This essay is aimed at distinguishing classical and romantic imagination and set forth process of creature, value of aesthetics and origin of image insights in these kinds of writing. 
 
 

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In many of the Iranian and the world stories, both force and guile are operating events comprise the story. Investigate and psychological and symbolic compare of those popular legends which good and evil forces in their beloved reaching over, shows that in these works, however, appear to benefit the beloved hero acts in subtle and cagey narrative infrastructure And before taking functions based on deception, this battle will be in Median dose and involvement of the opposing forces will conduct their own profit. In such stories, the central character is not the brave prince nor vicious Dave, but the beautiful girl that wishes marriage with the hero and have her own child. In this way, despite the apparent physical disability, using various scheming like secrecy, feminine and magical elements, and even sometimes to hire antiheroes, the real initiative and is available on the course of events towards their desired ending. The joint adventure stories generally setup for this peak point and the common ending: they are well and happy years together they live. " This paper uses views of Northrop Frye, Joseph Campbell, and Bruno Bettelheim. regarding the fundamental structure, number forty Farsi folk tales and that compared with a drop of evidence shows that such a common infrastructure indicative of mental concerns of women in patriarchal times and the women place the narrator or audience of this tales, dreams sweet Dream that are impossible in real life were often deprived of it, the story of a woman in the story of the hero in imaginary world have stories appear. Considering the existence of this feature in ancient stories and romances, these tales may have roots in old narrative structures that can lead them to myths about Matriarchy period.

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Story is one of the ancient forms of literature which has an old history among the nations. India among the eastern nations is also a mystical land whose numerous narrative masterpieces such as Mehabeharata and Ramayana are of importance. Nal and Daman is an episode of this narrative work which was translated from Sanskrit to Persian by Feizi Dakani, Malek-Al- Shoara of the court of the king Akbar in tenth century and then it was rendered in verse by him! Translation of various Indian stories to Persian in king Akbar period until the extinction of the rule of Teimourian predominantly influenced the Persian story-telling in the interim between the tenth to twelfth century. The present study represents an attempt to structurally analyze the Nal and Daman story based on the constituents of a story such as plot, character, point of view and so on. The achieved result is that the mentioned story simply has all the constituent elements of the modern story but it lacks the complexity of these kinds of stories.

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This article is a comparative sociological study and it shows some effects of changes in social relations which is the result of modernity in iranian and arabic communities.
This study inspects the Iranian and Arabic community and its deals with the female symbols as the one of social development indicators. Based on this, the use of female symbols and myths was assessed and compared in Abdol Vahab Albayati & Ahmad Shamlu’s poems.
This study ultimately concludes that female symbol’s log in to poetry, not as a beginning of a course but it’s the result of a circulation which tries to change social relations and create a new balance between two powers in society. Addressing female symbols, in addition to give poet the possibility of addressing the mythical topics; is an attempt to empower the hidden half of the population that was held back for years. And this is not a feminist effort, but it’s blowing lyrics the spirit of gentleness and describes the hidden part of the community that would appear in the light of modernity and this effort has many examples in both Persian and Arabic literature.

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During the Safavid era, communications between Iran and India became deeper than before due to the common official language. Persian romantic stories were among the written works during this period in the countries. The question is: "Are Persian romantic stories in the Safavid era in Iran and India fully similar due to the concurrency, common language and existence of similar structures, or have distinction due to different cultural environment?" Some Researches has been done on the storytelling of the Safavid period, But so far, there has been no works published on the influence of intellectual motifs on the Iranian and Indian Persian stories in any of the topics.
In this paper, it has been attempted to answer the question, by analyzing the content of the Stories. Of course, the assumption of this research is that there are many similarities in language, structure, sequences and character's functions in the Persian romantic stories in Iran and India, but despite these similarities, there is a different worldview and attitude towards the characters and events. These differences include: "Death of the lovers at the end of the story", "Girl's freedom in choosing a spouse", "supernatural creatures’ role", “presence of Mysticism and Sufism, "animals’ impact in the story ", "presence of Indian characters" and "independence of the source" that would help to understand the stories written in India from Iranian stories.

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Folkloric fictions are considered as part of cultural heritage of every nation that reflects customs, ideas, traditions, and world view of each nation. Sometimes mythical, cultural and sociological themes are placed in their deep structure. In the recent centuries with growth of technology, many of these oral fictions are going to be endangered, it is important that these fictions be recorded and analyzed before death of their narrators, as far as possible. So, in this study, some fictions of Doshman Zeyari region have collected with field study research methodology and then have analyzed based on mythical, cultural and sociological deep structure. Some mythical, cultural and sociological themes in these fictions are the woman valuable place, emergence of heroin, the battle of drought dragon with rainy year, the relation of horse and moon with fertility, existence of the universe from the cosmic egg, the growth of plant of God’s blood and revealing the secret of slain by the reed that has grown from the blood of slain. On the other hand, we can see the theme of discussed tales in other folkloric tales such as: "Girl and yellow cows "," Mah‌Pishani "," Ajah k m hoo "," Smiling flower "," The secret of the beautiful reed ","The Girls of pomegranate "and" Orange and bergamot "
 
 

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Vladimir Propp's morphology of the structure of literary work by taking the strategies of formalism presented with a check of one hundred Afsanh‌Y Russian magical, practical sample lost it. According to Propp theory, Afsanh‌Hay magical, in spite of differences in the structure and morphology of the fundamental principles in common and working to restore the underlying common axis.In the analytical field research, oral narrative Qdymy‌Tryn Amir and jewel - the romantic Mnzvmh‌Hay Mazandaran examined from the perspective of Propp's morphology. Rvayt‌Hay many of the myths common among people who are both long and short forms (Myny‌Malysty) is. According to the results, Khvyshkary‌Hay story of Amir and pearls, in compliance with Prop model, and thus the Asharh‌Y Prop displacement can be seen in this narrative has not been met.The sum of the parts and Shkhsyt‌Ha and system performance with a small displacement Amir and pearls and Khvyshkary‌Hay follow Propp's model stems. The story of Amir and that is the essence of Khvyshkary‌Hayy some thirty models Prop Yk‌Ganh not like: a dream or uncertain situation at the end of the narrative, the dignity of the place of magic or miracle behalf, in any case where the wedding end of story to happen at the beginning and at the end of the story of Amir and pearls occur in an uncertain situation all the screw. Of course, this Aftraq‌Ha with magical fairy tale romance Brmy‌Grdd Afsanh‌Y properties.
Key words: morphology Propp, Structure, Amir and pearls, Afsanh‌Y Ashqanh‌Y Mazandaran.

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This study explores the concept of women in Lori's proverbs with emphasis on gender inequality. To analyze the issue, From the perspective of Barrett's semiotics, discourse analysis Laclau and Mouffe and interpretive Geertz was used. Approach and methodology, Qualitative approach using both documentary study and in-depth interviews with people (men, women) over age 50 were qualified. These individuals selection methods, and interpretation of data, respectively, based on procedure of purposive sampling and analysis is thematic. The data examined, common proverbs in the dialect Lori mamasani, in particular, has been associated with gender inequality. Categories of Analysis proverb can be around subcategories woman superficial, humble, tool, obey the orders, seditious and Telltale, and category or axis signifier " the other inferior" category and analysis. According to Emic look at the analysis of themes and the interviewees, Representations of women in proverbs Larry, to the formation and strengthening of a sexist language and gender discriminatory practice has resulted in the target population. As far as gender language, according to Barthes, the shape of mythic taken and on the basis of discursive look Laclau and Mouffe, A clear boundary contradict between our (male) as sex superior, and the other (women) as inferior sex has been drawn and consolidation. Finally, such an image can reflect gender inequality and the prevention of women's access to positions of their social life is important and valuable.

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Understanding the different aspects of culture and awareness of every people' thought method, is possible by studying the beliefs and rituals, proverbs and The public opinion of people in that country. The aim of this study was study the woman' place in beliefs and public culture of Jahrom city in Fars province. in this study that was performwd according to academy of cultur and characters in anthropology that explored and analyzed the common features and compositions about women. The results show that in this ancient region, women in most affairs have a dominated and worse position than men. The hesitancy in public culture and literature of this city points that laws governing on family and social relationships, is totally patriarchal and women are often marginalized and they rely men heavily. Characteristics that used for women, in most cases, are inappropriate and animal properties to justify patriarchy and violence against women. pedagogy, educational method and also common pattern of culture among people had more important role in women affairs and making the inequality between women and men.

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In this study, semiotic functions of color and light have been investigated and analyzed in “Chinese and Romans discourse on painting and portraying” chosen from the first volume of Masnavi. In this discourse, introducing his phenomenological point of view, Mowlana tries to demonstrate how democratic aspect of oriental mysticism is crystalized. Thus the main question of this study is how and under which circumstances and cultural discoursal functions, the transition from physical-actional atmosphere to symbolic and transcendental one is achievable. In fact, the purpose of this research is to study the interactive characteristics of light and color besides demonstrating the place of cultural semio-spheres in Mowlana’s discourse. Our hypothesis is that ontological and phenomenological presence of light saves the discoursal space of color from existential decadence, and places it in the transcendental position. According to this hypothesis, light and color in a colorless atmosphere cause the signification transcendence. In such circumstances, we see our self-integration with the other and the presence of existence where everything changes to a context of aesthetic music of the world spirit.

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