---

Ideological discourse has always challenged individuals as subjects and has always tried to use the polysemous character of language to predominate other discourses and subjects.­­This study attempts to answer the question of how the ideological discourse is able to carry out a semantic transformation on the discourse’s level and therefore on the conveyed message’s level, and that how the political authorities utilize linguistic structures and the means that language and the connotative modification of the language provide them to legitimize their supremacy in a schematic and schematized perspective.
To achieve this objective, this article’s authors have attempted to show the relationship between linguistic elements with power and domination by analyzing discourse of subjects in the Cannibale novel written by contemporary French writer Didier Daeninckx by relying on Pierre Zima’s sociological theories.­Advocating the fight against denialism, racism, colonialism, corruption in political societies, he wrote Cannibale in 1998 in memory of the "human zoos" under the French Third Republic.­It tells the story of indigenous Kanaks who were exhibited as animals at the 1931 Colonial Exhibition.­Accordingly, this article examines how ideological discourse and semantic transformation are created through narratives and dialogues that occur throughout the book and lead to transforming ideological implications.­Also, by describing and interpreting the nature of native Kanaks from the perspective of dominant ideological discourse, it is shown that dominant discourse uses the polysemous and multidimensional nature of language by holding the power to organize linguistic structures and defines a nature other than the original nature of the native Kanaks.

---

 

---

In this article,first,postmodernism and its most important components, such as ontological theme, revalation of novel techniques,short circuit,indeterminacy,time disturbance,shift of narrator and point of view, rebellious characters,multiple endings,are shortly described.Then the existence of some of them in two short stories of Abootorab Khosravi( PELEKAN and HUZUR) is demonstrated,using some examples of the texts.Although these two texts have some of the elements of modernism ,ontological theme, which is the dominant element of postmodernism,can be seen in these texts; therefore they could be considered as postmodern texts.

---

One of the forms of being is to think and create antagonism in resistance to the Other. Antagonism is the (mis)reading of the action and structure of the thoughts of the other. One of the most evident phenomenological aspects of the modern Persian poem is creation of opposition. Shamlu’s works are the best example of such oppositional discourses. Through this methodology, not only he reaches new structures in his poetry, but also he expands this method to his other cultural activities. This paper has two parts. The first part presents a phenomenological definition of antagonism and how it is formed by opposition, dialogue, and enmity and how it results in creation of linguistic, cultural, and aesthetic structures. In the second part, the typology of Shamlu’s antagonistic discourse has been studied based on these assumptions. The paper concludes that Shamlu has four kinds of oppositions: reversality, myth making, playing with structure, and breaking the taboos

---

The population assemblage of Drosophilidae in the four districts of North Western Ghats was analysed. A total of 13,604 individuals comprising 17 species collected from 8 localities during the period of 2021–22 across various seasons. The study highlights the dominance of three species (Drosophila bipectinata Duda, D. malerkotliana Parshad & Paika and D. eugracilis Bock & Wheeler) belonging to ananassae and eugracilis subgroups. Overall collection data revealed the highest species richness and diversity for Dharwad and UK interior forests, whereas the maximum abundance and the highest evenness were observed in UK coastal and Belagavi forests respectively. The species rank-abundance curve revealed Dharwad forest had higher species richness and comparatively stable species assemblage. Drosophila eugracilis was the dominant species in localities of Dharwad and Belagavi forests, whereas D. bipectinata was the dominant species in both coastal and interior localities of UK forests. Rare faction curves plotted across the different seasons for all the forest localities revealed population assemblage and species richness of all forests across different seasons. Morisita index of similarities showed similarities for populations across localities and seasons. Nonparametric independent sample Kruskal-Wallis test was done to test distribution of abundance of individual species across spatial and temporal groups. The study reveals variation of population assemblage across the forests of Dharwad, Belagavi, and Uttara Kannada (coastal and interior) and dominance of D. bipectinata, D. malerkotliana and D. eugracilis.

---

---

 Mojahed Gholami, PH.D.
Abstract
 
This article, by taking into consideration novel theories on poetry, especially the formalist standpoints, intends to study the efficiency of what is referred to as the defects of eloquence in the contemporary analysis of Farsi poetry. This process has taken place in two generalized and detailed styles. In the generalized process, the issue of dominating element in Russian formalism has been taken into account and interaction has been made between the theories presented on the defects of eloquence in Farsi books. Also, the shortcomings of eloquence up until the end of period of promotion of Hindi styles have been classified and researched in the three domains of compatibility, lack of compatibility and regression. The analysis of this subject leads us to conclude that in the era of compatibility, concurrent with the development of Khorasani style, the views presented on the defects of poems were in line with Farsi poetry. However, this rate of compatibility gradually declined. In the incompatibility era, which was concurrent with the  promotion of Hindi style; the social, literary, and aesthetic needs of Farsi language wiped out the originality of the analysis of contemporary poetry in based on consideration of defects of traditional eloquence.
In the detailed approach, the views of formalists on establishment of unity in language via reduction and addition of a number of norms seem inefficient in identification of defects of eloquence. Based on the analysis of this topic, it was concluded that in the formalist approach and in dealing with modern poetry, the cases taken into consideration as the defects of poetry actually distinguish literary language from ordinary language and ultimately lead to creation of poems.
 

---

Abstract
Ever since Brian McHale emphasized the modern epistemological and ontological element in the separation of the modern novel from the postmodern novel, the subject of the dominant element has been considered in most postmodern research. McHale believed that in modern novels the dominant element is epistemological issues. Postmodern novels, on the other hand, pay more attention to ontological issues. Epistemology is a part of philosophical knowledge that has gained special importance during the last three centuries and its subject is the study of the issue of cognition and its characteristics. McHale believed that modern novels address questions in both content and structure that revolve around the issue of cognition. Questions such as how is cognition achieved? Where is the scope of awareness? What is the structure of knowledge? The novel "The Great Magician's Conversation with the Queen of the Colorful Islands" tells the story of a day in the life of a teenager named Rahi who becomes a guest of a family that has lost its child. In this work, the author has made the subject of cognition the subject of narration both in content and structure. The present study has used a descriptive-analytical method to study the dominant epistemological element in this novel. The results show that in this work, Khanian has examined the characteristics, conditions and scope of cognition by using approaches such as the function of linguistic signs in the matter of consciousness, the issue of intentionality and the subject of dynamics in consciousness.
Extended abstract
Problem statement: Bryan McHale believes that in distinguishing modern novels from postmodern novels, we must return to the subject of the "dominant" first raised by Roman Jacobson, who considers epistemology to be the dominant theme of modern novels and the dominant theme of postmodern novels. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the dominant epistemological issue in the adolescent novel "The Conversation of the Great Witch with the Queen of the Island of Colors" by Jamshid Khanian. Jamshid Khanian is one of the writers of the age group of children and adolescents, who in his works, in addition to using new writing techniques, reflects new concerns and ideas. The current research, in addition to providing a practical model for recognizing the characteristics of the dominant epistemology in literary works, will show some of the semantic capacities of the novel "The Great Wizard's Conversation with the Queen of the Island of Colors". The present article has been done in a descriptive-analytical method
Research findings:
 Jamshid Khanian is one of the writers of the age group of children and adolescents who in the process of creating his fictional works pays attention to both formal and content issues. “The Great Wizard Conversation with the Queen of the Island of Colors” focuses on cognition both in design and content. The epistemological concerns in the text of this novel have a special expression in the form of content issues and the form of narration. Khanian, both in the whole narrative and in the dialogues of the characters, has considered the subject of linguistic signs and its components, namely the signifier and the signified, as well as the quality of the relationship between these two components. In his view, linguistic signs, as the main tool available to human subjects in representing facts, are by no means expressive; But humans have no choice but to use these signs. According to this author, children and adolescents use more initiative in the process of assigning signs, i.e., written and written forms to meanings, i.e. mental forms, and this issue in naming different phenomena, places and emotions by the main character that is, "Rahi" is observed. The book is also devoted to the process of formation of consciousness in the minds of subjects. Taking into account the phenomenological approaches of the famous contemporary philosopher Edmund Husserl, the author has depicted the subject of different effects and multiplicity of phenomena according to the type of attention and also attention of the subjects to these phenomena in the form of story events. In different parts of the story, we see situations in which the hidden attention and intentions of the cognitive actor cause different manifestations of things and phenomena. The issue of constant change in consciousness is another issue in the field of epistemology that has been considered in this story. Apart from the contextual attention to this major approach in the category of cognition, the structure of the narrative in this novel is designed in such a way that the reader's consciousness is constantly subject to change and transformation. This story is narrated in 54 separate sections. The individual parts begin and move forward when Rahi's character enters Ms. Parsa's room, and the couple parts are dedicated to narrating the events from morning to noon on the day of the story. This special type of narration has caused the reader to face topics and conversations in the individual sections that s/he is not aware of, and it is in the process of reading the couple sections that s/he becomes aware of the history of the conversations. This makes the reader's consciousness always change; As in the initial encounter with the conversations between the characters, a mentality is formed in him, which changes as the narrative progresses. This situation leads the reader of the novel to conclude at the end of the reading that believing in certainty in the subject's understanding of the phenomena can have harmful consequences.
Conclusion:
The results show that in this work, Khanian has examined the characteristics, conditions and scope of cognition by using approaches such as the function of linguistic signs in the matter of consciousness, the issue of intentionality and the subject of dynamics in consciousness.

---

Anti-war literature is a subset of peace literature. Peace is portrayed in both negative and positive ways. Positive peace is defined on the basis of the concept of moral cosmopolitanism, while negative peace is in contrast to the concept of war. Accordingly, the cosmopolitan stories represent the utopia and the anti-war stories represent the ruined city. The data of this research are picture books with anti-war stories of age groups B and C. This article was written using the analytical-descriptive method and based on the formalist approach to answer how common devices (common formal patterns) are in children's anti-war stories. The result of this research shows that anti-war stories are divided into three categories according to the dominant element of the story based on the part of the triple process of beginning, middle and end of the war: beginning-centered, middle-centered and end-centered. Each of these three categories is further divided into subcategories based on the devices they use. The acceptance of the emerging genre of anti-war literature and the lack of sufficient internal and external research on peace literature for children necessitates research. This article is the first to categorize children's anti-war literature using a formalist approach.
Introduction
Peace in children's literature is presented in two ways: positive and negative. Positive peace means cosmopolitanism and coexistence while respecting each other's differences. "Negative peace is the absence of violence or war" (Galtung, 1969).
In this article, anti-war stories are not stories based on mild and minor violence (such as ridicule or rejection), but the content of anti-war stories is based on the display of extreme violence (such as large-scale wars) with collective and physical injuries. Indeed, such stories represent the beauty of peace by showing the ugliness of war.
The novelty of the present study is that it analyzes anti-war stories in children's literature and introduces a new classification. The classification of the forthcoming article not only helps the researchers of comparative literature, but also opens a window to peace literature for the authors of children's literature.
Background
Although the anti-war literature in the world has received the attention of researchers; But whether in Iran or abroad, there is still a lack of peace research in the field of children's literature.
"Journal of Peace Research" abbreviated as JPR is an interdisciplinary monthly magazine that has been publishing research related to peace since 1964 (especially articles related to the causes of violence and conflict solutions). Among the peace research books, we can mention War no more: three centuries of American antiwar and peace writing (2016, Rosenwald). The said book is a collection of articles, stories, songs, memories and speeches that convey the message of anti-war and peace. Chapter 7 of War and American Literature (2021, Rosenwald); With the title "About anti-war literature", this author has also discussed American anti-war literature.
In Iran, unlike the literature of holy defense, not much research has been done on anti-war literature. "Exploring Anti- war stories in the holly defense literature" (J′afariyan, 2014) is one of the few researches that have been conducted in this field. The mentioned research deals with the types of characters, anxiety disorders, political-social criticisms and nostalgia in Iranian anti-war stories.
Aims, significance, and questions
Some people consider anti-war literature to be imported. According to them, this genre is the concern of pacifist writers from countries for whom war recalls the crimes of the World War or the 20-year war in Vietnam and the like. At the same time, Iranian writers associate war with defense against the aggression of the Baathist regime in Iraq and tend to write stable literature. What confirms the necessity of this research is the fact that while writers once praised stability due to an imposed war, some of them now no longer see proxy wars as an inevitable necessity. Therefore, whether right or wrong, anti-war literature has become part of the reality of this country's literature. The research questions are:
1- Corresponding to the three stages of the war process (beginning, middle and end), what are the types of children's anti-war stories in terms of the dominant element?
2- According to the formalist approach, in each of the above-mentioned types of stories, the foregrounding  of the dominant element is based on what devices (formations)?
3- In children's anti-war stories, which devices are consistent with Baudrillard's simulation theory?

Research Methodology
The research method is analytical-descriptive, and the sample group is selected by the "purposive sampling" method. To complete the sample, the method of "data saturation" was used. Authored and translated books titled "Peace and Friendship" and one hundred and thirty-five picture and illustrated book titles for age groups "B" and "C" were collected from the Iranian publishing market through library research. Stories that had an explicit anti-war theme were separated from them. The sample size resulting from saturation consists of twenty-four works, which are cited below and in the final table of the article.
This article's approach to studying children's anti-war stories is the formalist approach. The goal of formalism is to discover the form of the work. The key concepts of the formalist approach are: Form, devices, dominant element, foregrounding, defamiliarization.
The war process has three parts "beginning, middle and end". Depending on which part of the threefold process of elemental war predominates, war stories are divided into three categories: initiation-oriented, middle-oriented, and ending-oriented. Each of these threefold categories is classified into sub-categories based on the devices and formalistic arrangements used in the work, and then a detailed tree diagram of each of the above threefold categories is displayed.
Conclusion
Considering the age conditions and the cognitive level of the children, the visual stories of age group "B" and "C" are very brief, single-core, and single-centered and do not have multiple focus. In other words, these stories explicitly convey only one message (no complex and multiple messages) by using highlighting. Therefore, the dominant element in these stories was clearly emphasized in a convergent manner through devices such as the title of the book, the naming of the characters, the phonetic and semantic forms of the descriptions and the images attached to the text. Based on which dominant element is formed by highlighting which part of the three stages of the war process, anti-war visual stories are divided into three categories: initiation-oriented, middle-oriented, and ending-oriented. In this context, this article, while presenting the devices related to each of the three types of dominant elements mentioned above, shows that despite the claims of some critics who consider the formalist approach to be a mechanical one and lacking a dynamic ability to critique and analyze contemporary literature, formalism, like any other approach, can still be effective in criticism and draw the patterns of similarities and formal differences of stories such as the anti-war stories in children's literature by relying on the dominant element and highlighting devices.
References
Galtung, Johan. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. The Journal of Peace Research. 6(3). Pp: 167- 191.
J′afariyan, A. (2014). Exploring Anti- war stories in the holly defense literature. MA degree in the Persian Language and Literature. Shahrekord University: Faculty of Literary and Humanities. [Supervisor: J. Safari & visor: E. Sadeghi] [in Persian].
Rosenwald, Lawrence. (2016). War no more: three centuries of American antiwar and peace writing. New Yurk: Liberary of America. (ISBN: ‎ 978-1598534733).
Rosenwald, Lawrence. (2021). "On Anti-war Literature". In War and American Literature. Jennifer. Haytock (Ed.). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Pp: 103- 118. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108654883.010).
 

---

The main question of this article is accurate definition of Hekayat, based on the specific function of the elements as dominant. Because how to use story elements, result in different story genres. specific function of the story elements, being didactical and coherente. distinguishes Hekayat genre from the other story genres. This article redefinition of Hekayat by using a comparative analysis method and examining the differences between these two literary genre. According to the reviews of this article Hekayat genre distinguishes from the other story genres by this elementes: Specific function of the story elements, Special features of the truthtfulness, being didactical and less coherente. Finally, thess discussions, are an introduction to discussions as contexts of the  appearance of traditional story genres in Iranian culture. More over can explain reasons for decline in contemporary era.

---

In this research, the finite element method have been utilized for investigation the progressive damage in composite laminates. Governing equations on progressive damage in three dimensional stress and strain filed have been expressed based on Hashin's onset of damage and Matzenmiller's progression of failure. The damage equations were coded to make a material model in LS-Dyna. This model could simulate various damage modes such as fiber breakage due to tension or compression, failure due to in-plane shear, crushing and delamination. High velocity impact on woven composite laminates have been analyzed using this material model subroutine. Damage pattern, ballistic limit velocity and growth of damage parameter in different failure modes have been investigated. Also, the occurrence of multi-mode damage at an element and degradation the elastic modulus of the composite material and its softening were studied. In addition, the effect of impact on damage growth at near filed and far filed of the impact zone as well as complete or partial damage of the composite laminate have been investigated. Based on outcomes, number of plies of composite laminate and its thickness have important role on manner of results. Also, for a damaged element, change of failure mode by growth of the damage parameters was observed.

---

## Edited Text in Academic Style

The achievements of literary studies over the past three decades have been substantial, contrary to the assertions of critics and detractors. During this period, a significant body of research has been published in the form of doctoral dissertations, scholarly articles, and comprehensive monographs on literary works and authors.
The divergent attitudes towards literature and literary studies have given rise to two distinct approaches: micro and macro literary studies. This article examines the predominance of micro-literary studies and the absence of macro-literary studies in the recent three decades. Furthermore, it acknowledges that recent research findings have called into question or discredited some of the renowned narratives and theories of reference in Persian literature. The article elucidates why, despite the wealth of research, a comprehensive theory of reference has yet to emerge in the field of literature.

---

Characterization of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from rarely studied fermentation substrates can lead to isolate unique microorganisms. In the present study, predominant LAB was isolated from fermented acorn using repeat of back-slopping process, and then the isolate was identified by PCR. Subsequently, probiotic properties of the isolate (including resistance to acid and bile, antibacterial, auto and co-aggregations, antibiotic susceptibility and blood hemolysis), as well as its antifungal effect were studied. Sequencing results of the PCR products led to the identification of Pediococcus acidilactis as predominant LAB isolate. The survival percentage of the isolate in continuous acid and bile treatment was equal to 72%. The inhibitory effect of the isolate on Bacillus cereus was also significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other foodborne indicator bacteria. Furthermore, crude cell free supernatant (CFS) obtained from LAB culture completely inhibit the growth of B. cereus; meanwhile, its naturalized CFS had no inhibitory effect on Salmonella enterica. LAB isolate had also proper auto and co-aggregation (with E. coli) potentials and had no hemolytic activity. Antifungal activity of the isolate against Aspergillus niger was also verified. By considering the proper probiotic and antifungal potentials of the P. acidilactis isolated from fermented acorn it is possible to use the isolate as microbial starter, adjunct, probiotic and or protective culture in fermentation industries.

---

Evaluation of probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented pseudocereals has crucial importance to prepare microbial cultures. In the present study, after molecular identification, probiotic properties of the predominant LAB isolate were investigated. Sequencing results of the PCR products led to the identification of Lactobacillus brevis SKA01 as the predominant LAB. The survival of the LAB isolate after continues treatment of acid and bile reached to 10⁶ compared to the control sample (10⁸ CFU/mL), and it showed the highest antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between inhibitory zone diameter of the S. aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in the present of the LAB isolate.  LAB isolate was capable of good auto-aggregation (36.19%) and co-aggregation with S. aureus (71.24%), and it had no hemolytic activity. Furthermore, it was resistant to most of the tested antibiotics. By considering the proper probiotic potentials of the L. brevis isolated from fermented amaranth, it is possible to use the isolate as microbial starter or probiotic culture in fermentation industries.

---

Discriminatory transactions are contracts in which there is unjustified discrimination in one of them despite the fact that the circumstances are the same. In legal systems, special conditions for prohibition have been included. Some of these conditions are related to the contract itself; Such as the similarity of transactions and the condition of applying restrictions, which exist only in the United States. Some of these conditions are related to the parties to the contract, such as the exclusive power of the economic enterprise or the dominant economic situation. Some conditions are competitive legal conditions. Competitive conditions include disruption of competition, competitive damage and discrimination between competing buyers. The condition of entering damage to the interstate market in the United States and to the trade between the member countries, is foreseen in the European Union law; But it has not been relevant in Iran's legal system. Therefore, in all three legal systems, special conditions for prohibition have been stated. In America, these restrictions are more and most transactions are considered legal. The most important difference between the European Union and Iran is that, in the European Union, only those transactions which are stated by the economic enterprise in a dominant position are prohibited. This should be emphasized in Iranian law as well. Also, based on the appearance of Iranian law, the conditions for prohibiting unilateral discriminatory transactions are stricter than multilateral discriminatory transactions. Finally, based on the examination of the conditions of prohibition, legal articles have been proposed to amend the law.