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The study aimed to assess the pathogenicity of the fungus Alternaria alternata on various Tulipa L. species and elucidate its phylogenetic position. The research focused on five specific tulip varieties: T. Albatros, T. Tarda, T. Delta Storm, T. Biflora, and T. Biebersteiniana. Methodologies included molecular analysis, microscopic examinations, cultivation of fungi on PDA, and sequencing of the 18S and 5.8S rRNA genes, as well as the D1/D2 region of the 26S rRNA gene. Results revealed variable pathogenicity across tulip species, with T. Albatros showing complete leaf damage and extensive conidium formation, while T. Biebersteiniana exhibited minimal damage. Factors influencing infection severity included plant variety, conidium formation, and environmental conditions. Sequencing confirmed the fungus's affiliation with the Alternaria genus and highlighted its close relation to other species. The findings underscore the importance of molecular methods for accurate pathogen identification and phylogenetic classification. These results are crucial for developing targeted disease management strategies and enhancing plant resilience in agriculture.The application of the findings is feasible within agriculture to develop resilient varieties and methods for managing the dissemination of A. alternata. Plant diseases involve complex interactions between pathogens and hosts, where fungi like Alternaria alternata disrupt plant physiology through toxin production and enzyme secretion, making effective management crucial

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Factors affecting the spatial variations of water quality of the Mazandaran coastal ecosystem was determined in summer 2012. For this purpose, water quality parameters (nutrients, temperature, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, chlorophyll α and turbidity) were evaluated along 4 transects (Amirabad, Babolsar, Noshahr and Ramsar) in the depths of 5, 10, 20 and 50m, using multivariate analysis methods.  Based on the cluster analysis of data, the sampling sites could be classified into 5 distinct groups, including 35-50m water layer of station 50m in all transects, 0-5m layer in station 5m in all transects, Ramsar transect and the majority of surface and bottom layers of 3 transects including Noshahr, Babolsar and Amirabad. Based on discriminant analysis, 86.40% of the sampling sites were correctly classified. Factor analysis explained 87.53% of the total variance, the five principal components of which (viz. temperature, turbidity, nitrate, silica and ammonium) were considered as the most effective parameters on the spatial variation of water quality. This study suggests that the number of sampling locations can be reduced to two transects. Thermocline, transport of nutrients (specially phosphorus and ammonium) from rivers, sea floor, cage culture and the ctenophore, M. leidyi, were the most effective sources on spatial variations of water quality. Moreover, the multivariate statistical methods were found to be useful tools to recognize the spatial variations pattern along the Mazandaran coasts in summer.

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The present study was conducted to assess the effect of dung beetles on sheep dung removal and seed dispersal in semi steppe rangelands of Shahrekord province with poor condition located in Iran. Therefore, the large (1 cm²) and small size (1 mm²) meshes were used and filled by sheep dung in six treatments. To evaluate the role of the insects in seeds translocation, three sizes of plastic beads used as seed mimic. The results illustrated that the maximum function of the insect was observed in the possible treatment of the presence of dwellers, absent of large tuneller and large roller beetles and present of small tuneller and small roller beetles. The least dung removal was calculated in the control treatment and possible treatment of dwellers, large and small tunneler and also absent of large rollers and presence of small rollers respectively. Seed removal decreased in the order of small size (29) > medium size (5) > large size (2). In general, dung beetles play an important role in dung removal and secondary seed dispersal, but their function relates depended on habitat condition. In a degraded ecosystem, this insect will disappear. Considering the various factors affecting the function of these insects, further studies would be needed for investigating deeply different seasons and dung of different livestock feeding on the rangelands.

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The effect of cadmium on hematological and biochemical indices of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) exposed to subacute (0.65ppm) and acute (3.25ppm) concentrations for 96-h test period was assessed. The results showed that Hb, Hct, RBC and MCV significantly decreased in low concentration of cadmium (p<0/05), while MCH, MCHC, WBC, glucose and cortisol were significantly (p<0/05) higher than control group in both low and high concentrations. This study reveals that some hematological and biochemical indices of silver carp, such as cortisol, can be used as suitable biomarkers in tracing Cd²⁺ contamination within water bodies.

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Iran is geographically located in the arid climate zone of the earth, which has caused a natural shortage of water in the country. In the past, Iranians have taken some measures such as constructing qanat, dams and reservoirs in most parts of the country to cope with water shortages. Over time, population growth and the expansion of agricultural, industrial and service activities have increased the need for water use. In addition to these issues, the unbalanced distribution of activities and population in the country has often turned the natural phenomenon of water scarcity into a human and managerial phenomenon of the water crisis, as a result of which double pressure is placed on water resources. In this situation, it can be imagined that the environment and natural ecosystems are the first victims of human interventions that have led to water cuts or severe reductions in their right to water and the water crisis brings all kinds of environmental crises. The present study using a descriptive-analytic method investigates the effects and consequences of the water crisis on the country's environment. The research shows examples of this situation in different parts of the country. In a way that the water crisis in various dimensions has destroyed the environment and natural ecosystems in the country and has left irreparable consequences.

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The present study has been carried out in order to determine the entomofauna of four different agroecosystems from the study area, northwestern Algeria. Regular sampling was done using the Barber pitfall trap and the sweep net in addition to visual observations in the field. Nine (09) taxonomic orders of insects was identified from the four studied environments. It varies from one agroecosystem to another. Coleoptera and Orthoptera were the most represented in terms of both species and numbers. Entomofaunal diversity was more important in un-cultivated fields (diversity index = 4.15 bits, equitability = 0.89) than in arable fields (index ranging from 1.68 to 2.87 and a equitability between 0.41 and 0.72). Limited biodiversity in cultivated areas was the consequence of insect communities’ interactions disturbances caused by agricultural practices in these environments. Therefore, it is important to reduce these disturbances in order to enhance food resources, habitats and overwintering sites for insects. This will ensures sustainable entomological diversity, thereby increasing the role of biological control in pest management systems.

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Abstract: Early people had made groups on the world and formed the first basis for group life in this way. The interactions of groups with nature occurred separately from the personal ones. Therefore, not only groups of people got affected by nature; but also the untouched nature recorded some footprints of peoples› lifestyles and was not anymore untouched. This interaction between indigenous people and nature over time shaped the cultural landscape as a secondary phenomenon. Although lots of definitions have been presented for this concept, there has not been any inclusive and exclusive definition based on cultural landscape formation process and being regardless of time and geographical and cultural context in order to bring attention to the many and complex aspects of this concept. Therefore, by reviewing and analyzing documents and theories as well as using qualitative research method and content analysis strategy, this paper seeks to achieve a level of understanding about this concept to determine the alphabet for cultural landscape recognition in order to present a new definition for it. To approach the main objective of this paper, redefining the cultural landscape; two main components affecting the formation of cultural landscapes, nature and culture, should be taken into consideration. Having a precise look at cultural landscape literature, it is indicated that two components, in different approaches and as a result with various terms; have formed the basis for cultural landscape definition. In spite of many applicable definitions in geographical and cultural contexts; the necessity for presenting a redefinition for cultural landscapes that have the capacity to be generalized based on their formation processes has been understood. In order to approach the proposed definition, refining the basic concepts in formation processes of cultural landscapes and choosing the most comprehensive key words are investigated. Cultural landscape is known as the result of interaction between people and nature. But the question is that which nature? The initial untouched nature? Or the touched one? And the more important question is that what is called as nature? Is it the environment? Or the ecosystem? Or something else? Having a brief look at cultural landscape definitions and explanations, it can be understood that many words used as synonyms with regards to this issue; are not in fact synonyms; and this occurs due to lack of fixed and correct definitions and consensus on them. By examining the words used as equivalents of the word nature in current definitions of cultural landscape and analyzing them from the point of view of this paper, considering the fact the word “nature” is believed to be untouched from human being interventions, emphasizing on the influence of human in the word “landscape”, not using the phrase “geographical context” widely and colloquially, and the ambiguity of the phrase “environment” regarding the amount of human intervention; in this paper, applying these words and phrases are avoided. The word “ecosystem” owning to its comprehensiveness in covering universe phenomenon and offering a clearer position of human being, has been chosen as the alternative for the word nature. On the other hand, with putting emphasis on the fact that cultural landscape resulted from group interaction, and not individual ones with nature; the need for paying attention to the issue of culture becomes obvious. Having highlighted that the aim of this paper is not presenting a definition of culture; the four channels of knowledge of ecosystems, including science, philosophy, mysticism, and religion as the four main components of culture formation are introduced. After that, the position of the four channels of ecosystem recognition in the culture is defined. Thus, the formation process of cultural landscape based on the four channels of knowledge is refined in a scheme that becomes as the underlying layer for redefining cultural landscape based on its formation process. In this paper, science refers to “ethnic knowledge”. Ethnic knowledge is referred to those kind of information that have been achieved by indigenous people of a specific area about their ecosystem or have gained from other ethnic groups and nationalities. The indigenous people have applied them in their practical knowledge during filtration, which has its own process and does not fit in the range of the question of thisresearch. The indigenous knowledge is used in order to enable or facilitate the possibility of inhabitancy in the geographic environment for that people, with certain beliefs and traditions, and therefore it can be called “indigenous applied knowledge”. The second channel is philosophy. It refers to that of indigenous people rather than great philosophers’ opinions; as in science, indigenous knowledge attracted more attention than great theatrical breakthroughs. The third component is mysticism. The purpose of mysticism is “to recognize the quality of human life” and as two quantitative and qualitative dimensions used to be and are integral; so, whether it is paid attention to or not, mysticism exists in every moment of human life. Religion is the fourth component. Religion refers to a set of rules and orders that have been revealed through revelation for the divine prophets. These rules have had a great role in shaping cultural landscape of societies. Thus, the formation process of each cultural landscape is presented on a scheme that its key components are the four channels of knowledge toward the ecosystem, the ecosystem and culture. Considering the proposed scheme, cultural landscape is redefined in this paper as followed: cultural landscape refers to that part of the gregarious interaction of indigenous people of a micro-ecosystem with it; those people have gained a common understanding toward the entire ecosystem and the micro-ecosystem over the passage of time and consequently have established a common culture. Moreover, they have left objective (tangible) or subjective (intangible) signs in that micro-ecosystem as a result of their interaction that can be recognized by being subjected to careful scrutiny. The main advantage of the proposed scheme and the definition of cultural landscape of this paper is the ability to produce diverse outputs and thus the identification of cultural landscape products in different natural and cultural contexts.

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In recent decades, due to fluctuations in sea levels, environmental pollutions, and invader species invasion, the ecosystem of the Caspian Sea has been changed. In this study, assessing impact on ecosystem functiuons was conducted according to the new invader species (Mnemiopsis leidyi) by using commercial catches during three periods: 1996-2000, 2001-2006 and 2007-2011; in three phases of the invasion: establishment, expansion and adjustment, respectively. The results showed that in the three periods the average of catch of bonyfish were 15700.0±1993.2, 18430.8±3857.6 and 19176.6±1579.6 mt which was no significantly different among them (p>0.05) but the catch of kilkas (75080.0±16171.7, 25129.5±10441.5 and 21105.2±5199.2 mt, repectively) and sturgeons (1010.2±242.8, 385.5±264.3 and 51.8±19.9 mt, respectively) declined sharply and were significantly different among them (p<0.05). During three periods, ecosystem functions had a wide ranged change. The ecosystem functions were shifted E0 (No impact) in first period to E2 (moderate impact) and E3 (strong impact) in the second and third periods. Loss functions of two keystone species (anchovy and bigeye kilka) can be one of the resesons of sharp decline in upper layer of food web chain, i.e. sturgeons and Caspian seal in the Caspian Sea.  

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In order to understand the relationships between climatic factors and the biological variables of plant communities in the Qara Soo Catchment Area, a systematic sampling of natural plant community variables such as crown closure, diversity, reproduction rate and crown height has been taken. Information about physical components of the ecosys-tems such as climatic elements, soil properties and topographic characteristics was also collected for each plant community. By using the Numerical Taxonomy Model suggested by Sneath and Sokal (1963), the plant communities were classified and sorted according to a “development index” which indicates the plant community development toward the climax stage of ecosystem. Then the relationships between ecosystem physical components and the biological variables of communities (development index) were understood by us-ing a multiple regression model. It was concluded that climatic elements are the dominant factor affecting on the formation, distribution, reproduction and stability of plant com-munities in the area. It was further concluded that the Numerical Taxonomy Model, which has been commonly used by social scientists, is a suitable tool for system analysis in plant communities and natural ecosystems.

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The present study analyses the effects of multifunctional areas (MA) for three years (2013–2015) on an intensive multi-crop farm in Portugal. The implementation of MA resulted in a wide range of enhancements in the insect community, such as significant effects as a reservoir, allowing an increase of 102.47% in the number of species and 97.64% of individuals. MA play an important role in conservation strategies and help increase the population of rare and threatened arthropod species.

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Aims: This research aimed to evaluate the spatial patterns of water quality and its controlling factors in the Mazandaran coastal ecosystem during winter using the multivariate analysis methods.
Materials and methods: Water quality parameters such as nutrients, temperature, conductivity, salinity, DO, pH, chlorophyll-a and turbidity were measured monthly in 16 stations (44 layers) along 4 transects (Amirabad, Babolsar, Noushahr and Ramsar). To evaluate the data, several multivariate statistical methods were used including discriminant function analysis, cluster and factor analysis as well as correlation test.
Findings: Results of cluster analysis showed that the sampling sites (44 layers) were classified into 4 groups. Based on discriminant analysis, 93.20% of the sampling sites correctly classified. Factor analysis extracted 4 principal components that explained 74.05% of the total variance. Based on these analyses, organic phosphorus, organic nitrogen, turbidity, chlorophyll-a and temperature were the most effective parameters on the spatial variation of water quality.
Conclusion: This study suggested that the number of sampling locations could be reduced to 3 transects including Amirabad, Babolsar and west coasts (Noushahr and Ramsar) and 2 stations (one surface layer and one deep layer). Transport of nutrients from land, sea floor and fish cage culture were the most effective factors on spatial patterns of water quality in Mazandaran coasts. Based on the results, multivariate statistical methods are also introduced as one of the useful methods for identifying the spatial pattern of water quality.

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Today, developed and developing countries are focusing more on environmental issues and development. The present study aims to provide a model for the establishment of green human resources management in the entrepreneurship ecosystem. The purpose of this research is in the field of applied research, and since it describes the variables and relationships between them, the recognition of the status quo and finally the presentation of the pattern of deployment, is descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of this research includes relevant experts. In order to reach the consensus, 27 people were studied by interview method and the required information was collected. To analyze qualitative data and to extract factors affecting HRM and its influential factors, the method of analysis of the theme (theme analysis) was used. Structural-interpretive modeling has been used to identify the relationships between variables and the deployment of green human resources in the entrepreneurship ecosystem. The findings of the research include explaining the green human resources management model in the entrepreneurship ecosystem and analyzing the results of infiltration-correlation; the existing model is a model for different businesses with the aim of establishing a green human resource management in the entrepreneurship ecosystem. The research findings show 18 dimensions for the establishment of green human resources management. The research results indicate the impact of green human resource management on entrepreneurship ecosystems and green thinking and sustainable development, and ultimately globalization.

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Aims: Monitoring of the fish biomass is one of the basic principal of fisheries management, but ornamental and reef fish stocks, because of difficulty of estimating their abundance, have been less studied than others. The aim of this study was to estimate the standing biomass of ornamental and reef fishes in Larak Island, in the Strait of Hormuz.
Materials &Methods: Standing biomass of the fish species was assessed seasonally using Underwater Visual Census Method (UVCm) in coral reefs and  mesophotic coral reefs in Larak Island throughout 2018 and 2019. Two popular methods in UVCm (belt transect and stationary point) were used based on topography of sea bottom. The confidence interval of estimated standing biomass is calculated using bootstrapping method.
Findings: The standing biomass of ornamental and reef fishes is estimated as 2522.18, 5222.17 and 1325.15(Kg.) in Site 1, Site 2 and Site 3, that are located in 3-15meters depth. The standing biomass at Site 4, was estimated as 884.13kg. The minimum were observed in summer, also the result showed  that the standing biomass in summer was significantly lower than other seasons (P <0.05). In addition, the temporal diagnostic test showed that population structure of fish in the spring, autumn, and winter seasons was similar but significantly different from the population structure in summer.
Conclusion: The less of standing biomass in summer season can be affected  by seasonal migrations of fish in tropical and subtropical waters to deeper waters, in order to trade of the stresses caused by temperature fluctuations.
 

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The Nandhour Landscape located in an eco-fragile biodiversity rich Terai Arc Landscape of India is protected in the form of a wildlife sanctuary and is least explored in terms of insect diversity and functions. Therefore, this study aimed to provide baseline information on the biodiversity of insects and their ecological functions in tropical to sub-tropical forest ecosystems which is important for the successful long-term provisioning of ecosystem functions and services in the protected landscape. Using standardized sampling techniques, the present study examined the structure and composition of insect assemblages in terms of their comparative diversity and richness across a range of habitat types in the Nandhour Landscape. Besides, the present study also evaluated the ecological significance of insect fauna. A total of 230 insect species belonging to 47 families and nine orders were recorded from various habitats and Lepidoptera was the most dominant insect order in terms of both richness and abundance, followed by Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Odonata and others. Species diversity and richness were the highest in dense moist and open dry riverine forests, while the least in plantation forest and agricultural land. The heterogeneous structure and composition substantiated the importance of overall spatial heterogeneity and natural forests in sustaining and maintaining the rich insect diversity. Conservation of insect diversity is highly important as several species provide crucial ecosystem services and aid in the functioning of various ecologically fragile habitats of the landscape.

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A vast number of tropical and subtropical mites belong to the family Tarsonemidae Canestrini & Fanzago, 1877, with the tribe Tarsoenmini under subfamily Tarsoneminae having the most diverse assemblage. In order to better understand the distribution, community structure, and host specificity of these mites, it is important to investigate the Tarsonemini mite fauna of India, particularly in the highly biodiverse state of West Bengal. A total of 1154 mite specimens were obtained from 69 distinct plant species belonging to 44 families and distributed over six agroclimatic zones in West Bengal. The mites were classified into 8 distinct genera and 38 morphospecies. We developed bipartite trophic networks for Tarsonemini mites for the first time to show how these different communities of these mites are associated to various host plant species in six different agroclimatic zones. Different network descriptors such as Connectance, H2, Niche Overlap and Robustness were calculated from the mite-plant networks of six agroclimatic zones. Northern Hill Zone had the highest diversity followed by New Alluvial and Teesta-Terai Zone whereas, Red Laterite Zone had the least diversity of mite species. More than 70% Tarsonemini mites were found as generalist plant inhabitants which is consistent with their epiphytotic microbivorous feeding strategy.

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Aims: The innovation ecosystem states that innovation through interactive networks occurs at different levels. The network has a wide range of stakeholders that are complex in the innovation process as part of the innovation ecosystem. Considering the importance of the issue of prevention in the health sector and the importance of the role of biotechnology in this field, the aim of this study was to examine the innovation ecosystem of human vaccines in Iran.
Participants and Methods: In this qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive research, while investigating the dimensions of the ecosystem of innovation in literature and its main characteristics, the status of the innovation ecosystem of human vaccines was investigated in Iran. This study was carried out through content analysis of the current documents and deep and semi-structured interviews with experts in this field. Subsequently, a description of the current state of the vaccine innovation ecosystem was presented.
Findings: Most of the graduates did not have enough familiarity with the techniques needed to attend the industry. The existence of two major vaccine manufacturers, the Pasteur and Razi Institutes, were of important properties of ecosystems. The small number of service providers and existing service companies with knowledge-based organizations were of shortcomings. Shortcomings in the characteristics of stable and dynamic interaction in the innovation ecosystem of human vaccines in Iran were evident and the making policies to create or strengthen these characteristics was one of the important issues of Iran in this area.
Conclusion: Despite the abundance of elements and actors in this field, the innovation ecosystem of vaccines in Iran has not yet been formulated in a structured way, and its creation and development requires the characteristics of the innovation ecosystem and the resolution of its challenges.
 

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The present investigation was carried out to study the fauna of aquatic beetles of Koundinya wildlife sanctuary (India). A total of forty two species belonging to four families was recorded. The highest number of species was found in the family Dytiscidae followed by Hydrophilidae, Gyrinidae and Noteridae. All the species are recorded for the first time from the wildlife sanctuary and 9 species are new from the state of Andhra Pradesh.

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The aim of this study is to design an industrial goods export ecosystem for SMEs, so that they can play a full role in the country's economic growth. Based on research literature, 15 actors influencing the export performance of industrial firms were identified and their relationship was analyzed by eleven experts from the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade, and the Iranian Chamber of Commerce, who were selected by judgmental sampling. Interviews have been analyzed through a causal cognitive mapping method and by Ucinet and Netdraw software. The actors influencing the export performance of the private sector in SMEs were classified into four clusters: Knowledge Hegemony, Culture of Product, Market Diplomacy, and human Structure of the Firm. The first three clusters have a strong and mutually interactive interaction, and the cluster of Human Structure of the Firm is also effective as an infrastructure element on Knowledge Hegemony and Cultures of Product. Enterprises should focus on all four of these clusters to achieve high export performance and design and implement unique strategies for each of them. Failure to pay attention to each of these four clusters will reduce the export performance of companies. Market Diplomacy, and Culture of Product are innovative concepts that companies need to learn in these areas for high export performance.

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