Showing 34 results for Grass
Volume 0, Issue 1 (5-2011)
Abstract
Species diversity is an index for sustainability of rangeland ecosystems. We studied the effect of environmental factors (soil properties and aspects) on plant species diversity in Zagros mountainous rangelands (vegetation type: Festuca ovina-Astragalus parrowianus) in the west of Hamadan in March–July 2009. For this purpose, four aspects were defined in the study area. Vegetation types were studied by physiognomic-floristic method in the field. The factors of vegetation were measured by transects using a systematic-randomized method. Five transects (100 m) and five plots along each transect were used. One soil sample (composition, 0–40 cm) in each plot was collected by a randomized method and assessed the following factors: pH, OM, N, EC, P, K and texture in the laboratory. The multiple regression method was used to investigate the relationship between species diversity (dependent variables) and soil and topographical factors (independent variables). Results showed that soil characteristics and aspects had significant effects on diversity in which north, east and west aspects as well OM, N, EC and clay were the most prominent factors influencing diversity.
Masumeh Moghaddam, Abbas Mohammadi-Khoramabadi,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (9-2015)
Abstract
In Iran, a total of 12 species of Coccomorpha from five scale insect families have been recorded on Artemisia spp. (Asteraceae): Acanthococcidae (1), Coccidae (3), Diaspididae (4), Ortheziidae (1) and Pseudococcidae (3). In this study Peliococcus chersonensis (Kiritshenko), Pelionella grassiana (Goux) (Pseudococcidae) are redescribed and illustrated based on adult females to show their morphology in Iran, and also Rhizococcus borchsenii (Danzig) (Acanthococcidae) are newly recorded for the first time from Iran. Species that have been previously collected or recorded on Artemisia in Iran are listed and information is given about host plants and global distribution for each species.
Fatemeh Memari, Masoud Hakimitabar, Saeed Mohamadzadeh Namin, Emilia Nartshuk,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (12-2016)
Abstract
During a study on fauna of the frit flies (Diptera: Chloropidae) in Khorasan Razavi province (Iran) in 2014 and 2015, nine species of six genera were collected and identified. Platycephala rugosa (Nartshuk, 1964) is recorded for the first time for Iranian fauna. Geographical distribution and biological notes are provided.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (3-2014)
Abstract
Six belonolaim species were collected from grasslands of Sabalan region. The found species belong to genera Amplimerlinius, Merlinius, Nagelus, Neodolichorhynchus, Paramerlinius and Tylenchorhynchus. Among the found species, Neodolichorhynchus judithae is reported for the first time from Iran and is characterized byhaving offset head, cuticule with 16 longitudinal ridges, delicate stylet 21-23 µm long, presence of post intestinal sac and tail with annulated terminus.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (3-2014)
Abstract
Four genera and five species of Idolothripinae are recorded in Iran: Allothrips Hood, Compsothrips Reuter and Pseudocryptothrips Priesner each with one species, and Megathrips Targioni-Tozzetti with 2 species. In this paper, the genus Nesothrips Kirkaldy, with one species N. brevicollis (Bagnall) collected on grasses in Marivan, Kurdistan Province, is recorded in Iran for the first time. A key is provided to distinguish five Idolothripinegenera from Iran. Diagnostic morphological characters and geographical distribution of the newly recorded species are briefly discussed.
Volume 3, Issue 2 (10-2015)
Abstract
Maulana J'alalu·'d-din Muhammad Rumi and Walt Whitman are two of the greatest and most influential poets of the world. Nicholson considers Rumi as the greatest Sufi poet of all time, and the United Nations (UN) has named the year 2007 after him. Walt Whitman, on the other hand, is the poet who is entitled the father of the American Free Verse, and forms the third column of the trinity of American transcendentalism along with Emerson and Thoreau. Despite linguistic, cultural, temporal and spatial differences, both poets consider language an insufficient tool for the expression of the transcendental and mystical thoughts; hence, their readership is invitation for silence. Undoubtedly the poets have some differences in silence motif, which is rooted in their culture and language. Rumi denies language courageously to the extent that some of his ghazals end in silence. Whitman, too, expresses his concern for silence spasmodically; however, the real silence in his poetry happens when he invites the readers to be united with nature. In this paper, the authors have investigated the silence motif in the poetry of Rumi and Whitman using the theories “analogies without contact” and “Rapprochemen” within the domain of comparative literature.
Kambiz Minaei,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (12-2017)
Abstract
The grass-living thripid species, Bregmatothrips willcocksi (Priesner) is recorded for the first time from Iran on the basis of materials of both sexes collected on Johnson grass, Sorghum halepense (family Poaceae). This is the second member of the genus Bregmatothrips from Iran and in contrast to most species in the genus has forked sense cones on antennal segments III and IV. An Illustrated key is provided for distinguishing B. willcocksi and B. bournieri Pelikan.
Volume 3, Issue 5 (12-2014)
Abstract
Two species of Pratylenchoides recovered from the grasslands in Sabalan region and one species recovered from natural habitats of Tehran are illustrated based on morphological, morphometric and molecular characters. The first species, P. crenicauda is characterized mainly by its lip region with three-four annuli, lateral field with four incisures areolated throughout the length and having rod shaped sperm cells. It is further distinguished by the positions of the pharyngeal glands nuclei. P. magnicauda was found in Tehran and its morphological characters and phylogenetic relations with other species are discussed. The Iranian populations of P. variabilis are characterized by three lip annuli, stylet 20-22 µm long, four and six incisures in lateral field, rounded sperm and one of the pharyngeal glands nuclei located posterior to pharyngo-intestinal valve. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the partial sequences of D2-D3 segment of 28S rDNA revealed the three sequenced species are separate from each other and form a clade with high (1.00) Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) in Bayesian inference (BI) and 86% bootstrap support value (BS) in maximum likelihood (ML) analyses with other two sequenced species of the genus for this genomic region.
Volume 4, Issue 2 (6-2016)
Abstract
The effects of dominant shrub species on soil organic matter (SOM), including total soil carbon (SC), total nitrogen (N) and particulate organic matter (POM) were studied in three stands differing in the type of shrub species, i.e. Astragalus microcephalus (shrub), Pteropyrum aucheri (shrub) and Prangus uloptera (non-shrub).The stands were located in arid grasslands of north-western Iran. For this purpose, 18 soil samples from each stand were systematic-randomly collected (by auger) from each depth of 0-15cm and15-30cm, along 6 transect in each stand.The results showed that the stands with the highest abundance of P. aucheriand A. microcephalushad the highest values for SC (0.99% and 0.98%) in both depths, and the highest values for N (0.13% and 0.12%), respectively. The highest POM percentage for carbon (0.24%) and nitrogen (0.03%) were observed in the stands with the highest abundance of A. microcephalus. The proportion of micro-aggregates (28.48%) was significantly higher than macro-aggregates (20.46%) in the upper soil layer of the stand with the highest abundance of A. microcephalus as compared to the others, while no significant difference detected in micro- and macro-aggregate contents of the lower soil layer between the stands. Therefore, the type of shrub species in the grassland communities had important effect on soil organic matter.
Seyed Yousef Mousavi-Rashedi, Mohsen Mofidi-Neyestanak, Fatemeh Shahbazi,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Abstract
This study is aimed to explore the fauna of grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera) within the county of Dasht-e Azadegan (Khuzestan Province), where is placed a vast plain with geographical coordinates of 47°42′ to 48°28′ E and 31°24′ to 32°57′ N. Sampling carried out since March 2015 until end of August 2016 using insect sweeping net and also light torch at eleven selected sites and continued for the duration of all seasons of each year every one month. The collecting sites were selected to cover the whole area in terms of climate, sea level, and vegetation. Referring to morphological identification keys and comparing the result with the type of material deposited at Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum, out of 1770 specimens, four Families, 11 Subfamilies, 21 genera and 25 species enlisted. Out of which, one genus, and two species were discovered to be new to the fauna of Iran. Based on the yielded statistics, Aiolopus thalassinus is candidates as the most frequent species in the area.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (7-2003)
Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical approach for estimating the size of a grass filter area for removing pesticide residues from agricultural drainage waters. The method util-izes a water table management model, DRAINMOD, for simulating drainage waters from agricultural land and then a solute transport model, PRZM2, for simulating pesticide concentrations in drain effluent discharging from grass filters. DRAINMOD was used to estimate daily drain outflows that occurred in a 100 ha subsurface drained field in the Ot-tawa-St. Lawrence lowlands by running the model for a one-in-twenty year annual rain-fall period. Atrazine (AZ), metolachlor (MT) and metribuzin (MZ) are the most common herbicides that are found in drainage waters. The simulated drain outflows were as-sumed to contain 50 µg/l of AZ, MT and MZ residues, and simulations were carried out with PRZM2 to determine the required size of grass filter area to make drainage waters safer for aquatic life and a marine habitat. It was found that no more than 6% of the farm area could be used to reduce the concentrations in drainage waters from 50 µg/l to less than 1 µg/l for the three herbicides.
Volume 6, Issue 20 (4-2009)
Abstract
This study was performed to determine proximate composition and fatty acids in muscle of common carp and grass carp that are commonly consumed in Iran. There is no significant difference in the content of protein, lipid and ash samples of in these two fish species (p>0.05). Grass carp had significantly higher moisture contents than common carp. The fatty acid composition of common carp and grass carp were found to be 32.86 and 34.06% saturated (SFA), 39.43 and 25.02% monounsaturated (MUFAs) and 24.13 and 37.54% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), respectively. In both fish, palmitic acid C16:0 and oleic C18:1 n-9 acid were the principal saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The dominant poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was Docosahexaenoic acid (C22: 6n-3) in grass carp and Linoleic acid (C18: 2n-6) in common carp. The content of n3 PUFAs was 8.6% for common carp and 25/3% for grass carp. Arachidonic acid (20:4n6) content was 2.55% in grass carp and 1.33% in common carp. Muscle fatty acid composition of common and grass carp showed that there are significant difference in among all the fatty acids except for 22:0 and SFA(p<0.05).
Volume 8, Issue 2 (2-2019)
Abstract
The decline of biodiversity, specifically of insects is one of the major topics in conservation biology. In several countries of Europe, recent studies have shown a severe decline in species number and biomass of insects. In most countries of much higher diversity, much less is known about the state of the insect fauna. In this study, we focus on the acridid grasshoppers of Iran as an indicator taxon for diversity decline in a high diversity region. We used data of two surveys to suggest a change in species number between 1963 and after 2000. In the surveys before 1963, the species diversity across multiple localities in Iran was much higher compared to more recent faunistic studies. While this data is not statistically analyzable as the sampling is not completely comparable, the trends show a clear pattern of decline, which likely reflects the reality, conforms well to individual observations of less frequent encounters in the field and matches global patterns of insect decline. However, more standardized quantitative surveys are needed to generate statistically analyzable data. Potential reasons for the observed decline are severe draughts as a result of global climate change, habitat pollution, and destruction for construction and mining and especially overgrazing. Management actions need to be urgently put into place to stop the negative trends. Future studies need to document and test if these are taxon-specific trends or universal patterns in the region.
Volume 8, Issue 4 (10-2019)
Abstract
Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate effect of pellets contain Spirulina platensis on physiological indices of Ctenopharyngodon idella.
Materials & Methods: The number of 450 grass carp (10±0.5g) were divided into six treatments (three replicates) and fed with pellets contain 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4% spirulina for eight weeks, compared to forage (control). At initial and the end of experiment, growth and nutrition indices, meat composition, hematological and immunological indices, and carotenoid of fish were mesured. Means were compared by one-way ANOVA, Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05).
Findings: The best total length, weight, FCR, SGR, body weight gain, nutritional efficiency, daily growth and dietary intakes were observed in 4% Spirulina treatment, which showed significant difference with control (P˂0.05). Fat percentage of meat in 4% Spirulina treatment had difference with control significantly (P˂0.05). The number of RBCs in 1% spirulina treatment had significant difference (P˂0.05) with control. The highest Hct and Hb were observed in 1% spirulina treatment, and the highest WBCs and eosinophils were observed in 4% spirulina treatment, which had significant difference with control. Also, the percentage of lymphocytes in algae-treated treatments was significantly (P˂0.05) higher than control and non-algae-treated treatment. The highest level of lysozyme, bactericidal and anti-trypsin activity of serum were in 4% spirulina which had significant difference with control. Carotenoid of fish meat didn’t show significant difference between treatments.
Conclusion: According to the results, food pellets containing 4% Spirulina is recommended for improving growth and nutrition, hematological and immunological indices in grass carp.
Younes Karimpour, Marcela Skuhrava,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
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The gall midges, Janetiella convolvuli Mirumyan & Skuhravá, 2017 and Orseolia cynodontis Kieffer & Massalongo, 1902 are discovered in Iran for the first time based on adult specimens reared from galls on Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae) and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon (Poaceae), respectively. The galls of J. convolvuli and O. cynodontis were previously recorded only in Armenia and European/African sections of the western part of the Palaearctic region, respectively. Some relevant diagnostic characters, photographs, ecological and biological notes, and distributional data for the newly recorded species are provided.
Volume 9, Issue 4 (12-2018)
Abstract
Aims: The perennial grass is one of important grassland plants, which have special importance based on their feeding production, protection, and prevention of soil erosion. One of the important genera of the wheat family is the Agropyron. The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic variability in different accessions of Agropyron based on morphological traits.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, 31 populations belonging to the 3 species of the Agropyron were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications in research farm of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Northwest and West region of Iran. The cluster analysis was performed by SPSS 17, using Euclidean space and UPGMA and the principal components analysis was performed through trait correlation coefficient matrix and Minitab 14 software.
Findings:
The highest value of phenotypic coefficient of variation was seen in traits, including panicle length, fresh forage yield in the first cutting, and dry matter yield in the first cutting, respectively. In the second component, seed yield and crown diameter were the most important in explaining this component. There were significant differences between different populations in terms of morphological traits, so that for these traits, the various species in this genus could be separated. From a morphological point of view, there was a great similarity between A. cristatum and A. desertorum.
Conclusion: Different populations of A. elongatum species could be distinguished from the populations of the A. cristatum and A. desertorum in terms of morphological traits, while utilization of molecular markers is mandatory to segregate the populations of A. cristatum and A. desertorum from each other.
Najmeh Kiany, Marjan Seiedy, Masoud Hakimitabar, Martin Husemann,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
We here present the first record of Parawenhoekia aginapaica (Haitlinger, 1999) from Iran, which also represents the first record for the genus of the whole continent (Asia). The specimens were collected in association with an Oedipodinae grasshopper of the genus Aiolopus (Orthoptera: Acrididae). The genus Parawenhoekia Paoli, 1937 has only been known from three Mediterranean countries so far (Italy, Cyprus, and Montenegro) and hence our finding represents a large area extension. This study provides new metric and meristic data and supplements the current knowledge on the species based on new specimens of P. aginapaica collected from Khumeh Zar, Mamasani County, Fars Province, Iran. Photographs of important characteristics are provided. A key to the world species of Parawenhoekia is given.
Volume 11, Issue 4 (1-2022)
Abstract
This experiment was performed to determine the appropriate dose of Cyhalofop-butyl (CB) for controlling grass weeds in transplanted rice. CB at four doses, including 50, 100, 150, and 200 g ai/ha was investigated and compared with current herbicides in rice at recommended doses. The results showed that CB 100, 150, and 200 g ai/ha significantly reduced the density and dry matter of Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. and Paspalum distichum L. over the weedy check; the minimum control efficacy of CB at these doses was 73.3 and 88.3% for E. crusgalli density and dry matter reduction, respectively, and for P. distichum, it was 80% for density and dry matter reduction. Applying CB at all doses (50- 200 g/ha) showed no crop injury symptoms on rice plants. The highest grain yield was obtained by hand weeding, CB 150 g ai/ha, and Tiobencarb treatments, with 5180, 5106, and 5051 Kg/ha, respectively. CB 200 g ai/ha was on par with CB 150 g ai/ha, and there was no significant variation between CB 100 and 200 g ai/ha in rice grain production. Finally, it was found that the application of CB 100 g ai/ha is an efficient grass weed control practice for improving the rice yield.
Volume 11, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim of protein isolate production from the muscle of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and investigation of the effect of extraction pH on different properties of isolated protein. Proteins were produced by pH-shift method in two treatments including dissolution in alkaline pH (11.5), and acidic pH (3), and then evaluated in terms of nutritional value, functional properties, and structural changes. According to the results, the yield of protein production was significantly higher in alkaline conditions than in acidic conditions. The evaluation of emulsifying and foaming capacity and water absorption capacity showed that the protein obtained from alkaline pH was better than acidic treatment. Also, the extracted proteins contained all essential amino acids within the recommended limit for daily consumption of adults. The evaluation of color indices showed that the protein obtained from acidic pH had a brighter and whiter color than alkaline pH. The images obtained from the scanning electron microscope and the FTIR spectra of samples showed that the pH-shift method did not lead to extensive destruction of the protein structure and both protein isolates had all the absorption peaks related to the main bonds of the proteins structure. In general, it can be concluded that the pH-shift method is an efficient method for extracting high quality protein from grass carp tissue, and different alkaline and acidic conditions lead to the production of proteins with different characteristics that can be used based on the application that is intended for the final product.
Volume 12, Issue 1 (1-2010)
Abstract
Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus) is a protein-rich forage legume that contains a neurotoxin (beta-ODAP) that causes severe malformation of the body’s extremities when eaten in large quantities. Various low-toxin lines of grasspea have been developed to reduce the toxin’s concentration in the grain, i.e. to below the 0.2% critical value, but there are indications that zinc (Zn) can also reduce the toxin. Thus, we assessed the effect of added Zn, using a low Zn (0.4 mg kg-1 DTPA Zn) soil, on B-ODAP in several grasspea lines in two greenhouse experiments and three field trials on the same soil type from northern Syria. In the greenhouse, Zn consistently reduced the toxin in three lines in the first experiment but not in the second one with some high-toxin lines, while added P had no effect on Zn. In the field trial for three seasons (260, 429, and 405 mm rainfall) with nine grasspea lines, applied Zn (0, 5, 10, 20 kg ha-1) tended to reduce B-ODAP in the grain by 10 to 40%. There was no relationship between Zn concentrations in the grasspea grain or straw and the reduction in B-ODAP. The mechanism by which the B-ODAP concentration may be reduced by added Zn is not known. The effect of Zn is only a partial solution at best to the problem of neurolathyrism; breeding grasspea lines that have no harmful levels of the toxin is required.
