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Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the suborder Zygoptera based on sequences of the nuclear ribosomal gene 18S and mitochondrial gene COI was carried out using species collected from India. Sequence samples of 19 species belonging to 7 families of Zygoptera were used for the analysis. All the existing family levels in Zygoptera were confirmed as monophyletic clades in both analyses. While the 18S analysis resolved deep relations well, the COI analyses supported recently diverged clades. The analysis based on the COI gene showed the monophyly of families Coenagrionidae, Calopterygidae, Lestidae, Chlorocyphidae, and Platycnemididae and was found as a distinct clade. The remaining families Platystictidae and Euphaeidae were polyphyletic to the former clade showing more genetic divergence. In the 18S analysis, from the common ancestor, a monophyletic clade of Coenagrionidae, Platycnemididae, Lestidae and Chlorocyphidae evolved. Euphaeidae, Platystictidae and Calopterygidae were polyphyletic.

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Fusarium wilt of melon is a destructive fungal disease throughout the world. In this study, the evolutionary relationships among isolates of different formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum was examined, with a special emphasis on the forma specialis melonis. Bootstrapped maximum likelihood analysis of the elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) sequence was conducted on 16 Iranian and 11 foreign isolates of F. o. melonis that included representatives of different vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs 0130-0136). The tree inferred from the dataset resolved five evolutionary lineages that were correlated with the F. o. melonis VCGs, with the exception of VCGs 0130 and 0131, which could not be differentiated with EF-1α sequences. Furthermore, based on EF-1α sequences, specific associations were found between F. o. melonis VCGs and the other formae speciales whose sequences were obtained from the GenBank. Taken together, these results support a polyphyletic origin for F. o. melonis, meaning that the ability of this forma specialis to cause disease on melon has emerged multiple times.