Showing 17 results for Richness
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the active vocabulary in written texts of non-Iranian Persian Language learners based on Lexical Diversity (LD). Using one of the formulaic measures of LD called Guiraud's Index (GI) LD of the written texts of the subjects of the present study was calculated and its relationship with variables such as nationality, gender, age, first language and university education was determined. First, according to the principles and rules of corpus transcribing, and using the LancsBox software, Types and Tokens of the texts of 251 learners from four nationalities, who participated in the final exams of the Persian Language Education Center of IKIU, were extracted and counted. After that, using GI, LD of each subject's text was calculated and the research hypotheses were evaluated. Results showed a significant difference between different nationalities in terms of LD. Also, from the perspective of first language and gender, texts of Arab subjects indicated significantly more LD than Chinese, and the texts produced by women indicated more LD than the texts of men. On the other hand, the two hypotheses related to the LD and age and university education were not confirmed, because these relationships were non-significant. The results and findings of this research can help teachers and examiners in the field of teaching Persian as a second/foreign language obtain a suitable tool for evaluating the lexical richness of written texts and gain insights on how to use lexical richness criteria in the evaluation of learners' texts.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (1-2024)
Abstract
Biodiversity hotspots are key for identifying priority areas for species conservation. The Alborz Mountains, with two hotspots (the Caucasus on the northern slope and the Irano-Anatolian on the southern slope), provide an ideal landscape for assessing the impacts of vegetation, slope and elevation on species diversity. We examined the alpha and beta diversity of Braconidae across different slopes (northern/southern), elevations (upper/lower positions) and provinces (Guilan, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Tehran, Alborz) in northern Iran. Using 31 Malaise traps, we collected 276 species and 5950 individuals from 20 subfamilies. Shannon-Wiener and Brillouin’s indices showed higher diversity on the northern slope. Species diversity peaked at mid-elevation (800–1200 m). Alpha diversity was highest in Guilan and Alborz-Tehran. Beta diversity analysis indicated that slope, elevation and province influenced species composition. Similar compositions were found in Mazandaran-Guilan (northern slope), and Alborz-Tehran and Qazvin (southern slope) in vegetation zones with similar environmental conditions. Additionally, the highest species composition similarity was observed between the southern and northern slope positions and upper positions of both slopes. These findings have important implications towards the maintenance of the diversity of braconids, a major beneficial species group, by prioritizing their hotspots.
Saeid Iranmanesh, Franco Strumia, Seyed Massoud Madjdzadeh, Mohammad Purrezaali, Mohammad Reza Lashkari,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (12-2017)
Abstract
We present a list of 25 Chrysididae species mainly captured at high altitudeson mountains of the Kerman province, Iran. Thenumerous records evidences the rich biodiversity present at high altitudes in Iranian mountainsup to an elevation of about 3000 m.The largest richness was observed in the 2100-2300m range. Elampus kashmirensis Nurse, 1902, Holopyga chrysonota appliata Linsenmaier, 1959, Chrysis quadrispina Buysson, 1887 and Chrysis sacrata Buysson, 1898 are new records for Iranian fauna.
Volume 7, Issue 5 (11-2016)
Abstract
There is still controversy over the organization of the two languages in a single brain and the degree of similarities and differences in linguistic processing across the two languages in a bilingual brain. In the present study, the researchers aimed at comparing L1 and L2 lexical richness and speech fluency in aphasic bilinguals. Fifteen right-handed Bilingual (Azari: L1 – Persian: L2) female patients within the age range of 30 and 70 years who were diagnosed with a specific type of aphasia due to cerebrovascular accident and head trauma were selected for the study. Neurolinguistic assessments of the patients were done once at the time of onset of aphasia and also three weeks after the onset of aphasia with the use of Azari and Persian versions of the Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT). The extent of damage to lexical systems and speech fluency in both L1 and L2 at the mentioned time points were compared for each individual. According to the results, different degrees of impairments and different patterns of recovery of L1 and L2 lexical system and speech fluency were observed in aphasic bilinguals. Indeed, most of the patients improved in the measured categories three weeks after the onset of aphasia. However, the difference was not statistically significant between L1 and L2 lexical richness and speech fluency in aphasic bilinguals (p>0.05). The results of the present study are probably in favor of the notion which advocates that bilinguals have differentiated linguistic systems. However, further larger studies are suggested.
Divya Bharathi, Pankaj Koparde,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (9-2022)
Abstract
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The Vidarbha region of India harbours a significant amount of biodiversity. However, the region still severely lacks data on lesser-known taxa such as odonates (dragonflies and damselflies). To partially fill in the knowledge gap on odonates, opportunistic surveys were conducted across nine sites in the Gondia district of Vidarbha between 2019 and 2021. In this report, the presence of 35 species from the study area, representing around 1/4th of the total odonate diversity of Maharashtra is recorded. The results are indicative of the need for consistent sampling efforts in the region. Further systematic and long-term monitoring studies on odonates in Vidarbha Region are proposed.
Manoj Kumar Arya, Hem Chandra, Aman Verma,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
The Nandhour Landscape located in an eco-fragile biodiversity rich Terai Arc Landscape of India is protected in the form of a wildlife sanctuary and is least explored in terms of insect diversity and functions. Therefore, this study aimed to provide baseline information on the biodiversity of insects and their ecological functions in tropical to sub-tropical forest ecosystems which is important for the successful long-term provisioning of ecosystem functions and services in the protected landscape. Using standardized sampling techniques, the present study examined the structure and composition of insect assemblages in terms of their comparative diversity and richness across a range of habitat types in the Nandhour Landscape. Besides, the present study also evaluated the ecological significance of insect fauna. A total of 230 insect species belonging to 47 families and nine orders were recorded from various habitats and Lepidoptera was the most dominant insect order in terms of both richness and abundance, followed by Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Odonata and others. Species diversity and richness were the highest in dense moist and open dry riverine forests, while the least in plantation forest and agricultural land. The heterogeneous structure and composition substantiated the importance of overall spatial heterogeneity and natural forests in sustaining and maintaining the rich insect diversity. Conservation of insect diversity is highly important as several species provide crucial ecosystem services and aid in the functioning of various ecologically fragile habitats of the landscape.
Abbas Mohammadi-Khoramabadi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (6-2023)
Abstract
Here, the species richness of Campopleginae, a diverse subfamily of the Darwin wasps was studied in an almost organic damask rose plain located at 2600 m a.s.l., the south of Iran. Sampling was done using four Malaise traps for six months from April–October 2019. The total sampling efforts were 18 trap months. The integrated approach was used to assess the sample completeness profile, to infer true diversities of entire assemblages via asymptotic diversity estimates, to standardize the sample coverage via rarefaction and extrapolation, and to infer diversity via an evenness profile. I also used Homogenous, Homogenous (MLE), Chao1, Chao1-bc, iChao1, ACE, ACE-1, 1st order jackknife, and 2nd order jackknife to estimate the species richness of the studied Campopleginae community. Malaise traps yielded 491 individuals belonging to 24 morphospecies. Diadegma majale (Gravenhorst, 1829) included 64.7% of the total individuals collected, representing the highly dominated species. The estimated sample completeness profile showed that our data covers 59% of the total species in this community and thus 41% of species are undetected. The values for Shannon and Simpson diversity indices are 4.53 and 2.29, respectively. The models and non-parametric estimators estimated the species richness of Campoplegines from 24 – 50 species. This study provides a wealth of baseline data for the subfamily Campopleginae in the south of Iran in terms of biological control and conservation.
Pajtim Bytyçi, Ferdije Zhushi-Etemi, Edona Kabashi-Kastrati, Hazir Çadraku,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
The following paper outlines a study conducted on the abundance, distribution, and diversity of butterflies in Mt. Koritnik. located in the Republic of Kosovo, during 2019–2022. This research resulted in a total of 8166 recorded specimens, which belonged to 6 butterfly families, 50 genera and 131 species. The richest family in terms of abundance was Nymphalidae with 4611 specimens (56.47%), followed by Lycaenidae 1924 specimens (23.56%), Pieridae 856 (10.48%), 561 Hesperiidae (6.87%), Papilionidae 179 specimens (2.19%) and Riodinidae with 24 specimens (0.29%). In terms of species richness, Nymphalidae were the richest with 55 species, Lycaenidae 40, followed by 15 Pieridae, 15 Hesperiidae, 5 Papilionidae and 1 Roidinidae. Among 131 registered species, 11 have Near Threatened status in Europe. Our results indicated that species richness and abundance of butterflies were significantly negatively correlated with altitude (p<0.01), whereas they showed a strong positive correlation (p<0.01) with the temperature. The highest abundance and number of species were presented in the lower altitudinal range and the numbers decreased with altitude increasing. Activities such as intensive agriculture, grazing, fires and illegal timber cutting, which were observed during our survey, may be the main threats for butterflies in Mt. Koritnik in the future, therefore, we suggest the data from this research serve as a basic information for authorities to monitor future changes in butterfly diversity.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (12-2022)
Abstract
Aim: In this paper, the semi–circular bund treatments were contrasted to address the following questions: how does semi-circular bund affect the vascular plants richness and diversity in Naroon and Neron rangelands of Sistan and Baloochestan? and do the soil properties responses to the semi–circular bund?
Materials & Methods: Next to every site, a site was selected as controlled ones. Vegetation (production, vegetation cover, density, richness, diversity) and soil data (texture, pH, EC, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, CaCO
3) were analyzed in completely randomized design.
Findings: In total, 11 species from 6 families and 8 genera were observed. Control treatment of Neron exhibited the highest number of plant species. Semi-circular bunds exhibited the highest vegetation cover, production and density. The highest and lowest species richness and diversity were measured in Naroon and Neron semi-circular bunds. Results showed that the amounts of organic carbon, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus increased significantly in semi-circular bunds compared with the control areas. The highest organic carbon, nitrogen and potassium related to Neron semi-circular bund. Naroon and Neron semi-circular bunds had the highest amounts of clay and the least value was measured in the control treatments.
Conclusion: In total, the results of study showed that semi-circular bund had positive effect on vegetation cover and soil properties in the rangelands of study area.
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
Aim This study was conducted to investigate the association between plant species diversity indices with topographic variables in the rangelands of Hir county, Ardabil Province, Iran.
Materials & Methods Random-systematic sampling was performed in three elevation profiles at 11 sites. The elevation was divided into five classes, slope into three classes, and aspect into four classes. Indices of plant species richness, Margalef’s, Menhinick’s, Hill evenness, density, and dominance were calculated. Indices in different classes of topographic variables were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's mean comparison.
Findings Results showed that the highest value of the Shannon-Wiener indices was observed in the elevation class of 1800-2000 meters above sea level (masl). The highest values of plant species evenness, richness, and diversity of Simpson’s and Shannon-Wiener were related to the slope of 0-20%. The values of species richness indices and dominance in the southwest direction, and Menhinick’s richness in the northwest direction, were higher than the other directions. At the level of Plant Functional Types (PFTs), the highest amount of evenness is at the grasses PFT and elevation classes of 1800-2000 and 2400-2600 masl. The maximum amount of Hill evenness at the shrub PFT and slope of 40-60%. The highest amount of Margalef’s richness and Shannon-Wiener plant diversity was in the forbs PFT and in the southwest direction.
Conclusion According to the results, elevation, and slope have the greatest effect and the aspects of the slope have the least effect on the diversity of plant species in the region.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (2-2023)
Abstract
Aim: Recognition of habitat status and ecological responses of species to environmental variables are prerequisites for better management and providing the ecological needs of each species. This study assessed the current status and distribution of Viburnum lantana L. and described its ecological characteristics in the lowest limit of its distribution in the northern hemisphere, Arasbaran forests.
Materials and Methods: The presence sites of Viburnum lantana L. (wayfaring trees) were selected based on the field observations and library sources, then to collect data, the 114 circular samples with a radius of 17.84 m were laid systematically and randomly out. Within each sampling area the characteristics of each woody species including species name, diameter at the breast height (DBH) and the height of all wayfaring trees and other species were measured. The relative importance value (RIV) of species across all sample plots was calculated to describe the dominant species composition.
Chellappa Selvakumar, Chandran Ashokkumar, Shunmugavelayutham Sundar, Fabio de Oliveira Roque, Mariappan Gunasekaran,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (6-2025)
Abstract
The Palni Hills, part of the Western Ghats Mountain range in southern India, constitute a biodiversity hotspot, and their high elevation creates unique ecological conditions. Despite global recognition of the region as a biodiversity hotspot, many taxonomic groups remain poorly studied, including mayflies. We conducted a survey of mayflies in the Palni Hills to document the current diversity profile and analyse their altitudinal distribution patterns, ranging from 346 to 1685 m asl. Our sampling from April to October 2023 covered eleven sites, resulting in the collection of 788 individuals, representing 24 species, 16 genera, and six families. Four species are reported for the first time from Palni Hills. Notably, the families Baetidae, Heptageniidae, and Leptophlebiidae were the most species-rich, although individual population densities remained low. We have provided the updated taxonomic hierarchy, current diversity profile, and abundance of mayflies of Palni Hills. We have also highlighted the knowledge gaps in the taxonomy and distribution of Ephemeroptera within this study area
Volume 12, Issue 3 (9-2024)
Abstract
Aims: The present study aimed to investigate beta and alpha diversities in vegetation types and examine the relationship between the distribution of plant species and environmental factors in the rangelands of southern Golestan Province, Iran.
Materials & Methods: This study was conducted in four vegetation types, namely Artemisia aucheri, Festuca ovina - Astragalus gossypinus, Bromus tomentellus, and Bromus tomentellus - Festuca ovina. The vegetation was sampled using a systematic random sampling approach. Thirty plots measuring one m2 were placed in each plant type along three 50-meter transects to measure the vegetation. In total, 120 plots were placed across the different plant types. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-30 cm. The soil depth was selected based on the mountainous terrain and the rooting depth of the plants. The Past software calculated plant species diversity and similarity indices between vegetation types and beta and alpha diversities. The Tukey test was used to compare the diversity indices of the plant functional groups.
Findings: The highest alpha diversity among annual plants was observed in the F. ovina-A. gossypinus type with a Shannon-Wiener index of 0.927 and a Simpson index of 0.554. At the same time, the most remarkable alpha diversity of shrub plants was associated with the same type with a Shannon-Wiener index of 1.316 and a Simpson index of 0.711. Across all four studied types, the highest richness of annual and perennial plants was observed in the A. aucheri type, with a Margalef index of 8.192 and a Menhinick index of 5.774. In contrast, the greatest richness of shrub species was observed in the F. ovina-A. gossypinus type, with a Margalef index of 3.734 and a Menhinick index of 2.677. In addition, beta diversity was calculated using the similarity index for vegetation types. The results indicated a Whittaker similarity index (beta diversity) of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 for annual, shrub, and perennial plants, respectively. Canonical Analysis (CA) was performed using the Canoco 4.5 software to examine the effect of environmental factors on plant species distribution. The analysis revealed that soil texture, N, organic carbon, pH, EC, and aspect were the most significant factors affecting the distribution of plant species.
Conclusion: This research provides valuable information about rangeland plant species for primary livestock grazing and soil protection in the studied vegetation types for better land management.
Volume 13, Issue 5 (12-2022)
Abstract
Lexical richness in written language production has been examined in different contexts and in relation to different genres but research into the effects of within-genre topics on lexical richness is still limited and takes little account of learners’ perspectives. The present study therefore sought to understand the effects of topics on lexical richness (lexical density, lexical diversity and lexical sophistication) in written essays by Vietnamese EFL learners. Data were collected from sixty-four English-major university students who each wrote four essays on four different topics across two genres (persuasive and descriptive) in their normal classes as progress tests. Ten students were also interviewed after they had completed all the essays to understand their perceptions of the writing topics. Lextutor’s VocabProfile was used to obtain measures of lexical density, lexical diversity and lexical sophistication. The results showed mixed effects of writing topics on these three lexical measures. Learner perspectives provided insights into how cognitive and affective individual factors contributed to the complexity of topic influence. Pedagogical implications are discussed in regard to how to enhance productive lexical use in writing through task selection and instructional planning.
Volume 15, Issue 6 (3-2024)
Abstract
Advances in science and technology have made it no longer acceptable to have works with a dubious author. Stylometry is a method that uses statistical analysis to determine the author of a literary work. Author attribution methods rely heavily on writing style; assuming that each person has unique style. Author identification is used in areas such as plagiarism, criminology, and unspecified author identification. Due to the fact that many factors are involved in identifying the author of texts, a method with 100% accuracy has not been presented so far, and researchers are still trying to find a way to minimize computational errors. One of the methods that is claimed to have good accuracy is Yule’s theory. In this article, Yule's theory and four other theories have been combined to compare the vocabulary richness of the Munajat Khams 'Ashar and the prays of Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya. Then, Using descriptive-analytical method and explanation of statistical datas, the correctness of the attribution of Munajat Khams 'Ashar to Imam Sajjad (PBUH) has been investigated. The results show the high accuracy of the calculations and the independence of the output of the theories to the length of the text. Also, due to the slight difference between the vocabulary richness of the Munajat Khams 'Ashar and the prays of Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, its attribution to Imam Sajjad (PBUH) is confirmed.
1. Introduction
The issue of attributing a text to someone who did not really write it, has always been the focus of researchers. With the advancement of science in the twentieth century, the need to prove the accuracy of attributing a text to a particular author has intensified, and with the advancement of information technology, the popularity of intelligent methods of author recognition has increased. Today, to identify the author of a text, various methods are used, one of the most important methods is study the writing style.
The study of writing style is a subset of the new rhetoric. The new rhetoric aims at adding formal logic a field of reasoning, and applies whenever action is linked to rationality (Perelman, 1971). In stylistics, using text reasoning and analysis, characteristics are considered for the author's style.
A variety of methods for attribution have been proposed. There are three main approaches: lexical methods, syntactic or grammatic methods, and language-model methods, including methods based on compression (Zhao & Zobel, 2005). In this article, the lexical method will be used. One of the most practical lexical methods to achieve the author's style is the "vocabulary richness" method. Unfortunately, the output of many methods depends on the length of the text. Therefore, a method should be used that has the least dependence on the length of the text. In this paper, we have combined five theories to calculate vocabulary richness to achieve the most accurate results.
Research Question(s)
1. How accurate and reliable are the results of the five equations used in this research?
2. How much does the output of the theories depend on the length of the text?
3. What is the difference between the vocabulary richness of Munajat Khams 'Ashar and the prays of Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya?
2. Literature Review
Authorship attribution (AA) is the process of attempting to identify the likely authorship of a given document, given a collection of documents whose authorship is known (Bozkurt et al., 2007). The accepted assumption behind AA is that every author writes in a distinct way; some writing characteristics cannot be manipulated by the writer’s will, and therefore can be identified by an automated process (Howedi & Mohd, 2014).
One of the fundamental sub-problems of AA is the extraction of the most suitable features to represent the writing style of each author. This problem is known as “stylometry” (Howedi et al., 2020, p. 1334). stylometry is defined as those techniques that allow measure the style of an author by the identification of its features of style (stylemas). Those stylemas, also called style markers, are obtained from textual measurements normally calculated by statistical methods (Escobedo et al., 2013, Stamatatos, 2009).
Some researchers have used a combination of some lexical richness functions to achieve better results, namely: K proposed by Yule (1944), R proposed by Honore (1979), W proposed by Brunet (1978), S proposed by Sichel (1975), and D proposed by Simpson (1949) which are defined as follows (Stamatatos et al., 2000):
where:
Vi : is the number of words used exactly i times
N: Total number of words
V: Number of non-repetitive words
α: usually is fixed at 0.17
The final output for calculating vocabulary richness is obtained by combining these five equations.
Since the series of narrators and the document of Munajat Khams 'Ashar is not mentioned completely in the available sources, attributing it to Imam Sajjad (PBUH) needs to be proved, so in this research, using stylometry techniques, it is examined.
3. Methodology
In the present article, the correctness of attributing Munajat Khams 'Ashar to Imam Sajjad (PBUH) is examined by sampling the prays of Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya and comparing his vocabulary richness with the Munajat Khams 'Ashar. Since, according to the claim, the output of the theories is not dependent on the length of the text, two statistical populations are selected: the first consists of prays which 80 words have been selected, and the second consists of prayers With different number of words; Therefore, in addition to comparing the vocabulary richness of the samples, the dependence of the equations on the length of the text will also be examined. Also, From Munajat Khams 'Ashar, we chose the first, fifth, tenth and fifteenth prays as samples.
4. Results
The results show that:
1. The accuracy of the calculations is very high and therefore the output of the theories is reliable.
2. The output of the theories was not dependent on the length of the text and did not increase in proportion to the increase in the number of words.
3. There is not much difference between the vocabulary richness of Munajat Khams 'Ashar and the prays of Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya in both statistical populations; Therefore, the correctness of attributing the Munajat Khams 'Ashar to Imam Sajjad (PBUH) - from the perspective of stylometry techniques - is proved.
Volume 19, Issue 6 (11-2017)
Abstract
Little is known about the effect of artificial diversity of plant – insect communities on the carbon and nitrogen stoichiometry, weight, and water content of the modern crops. Using a microcosm experiment with two closely related crop species (Brassica napus and B. juncea), the sap feeder turnip aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), the folivore diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and its larval-pupal parasitoid wasp, Diadegma semiclausum, the Shannon biodiversity index was evaluated and regressed to the experimental data of carbon and nitrogen stoichiometry, water content and weight of the crops. Carbon: Nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the modern cultivar under single planting had a logarithmic relationship with the artificial biodiversity index, while this relationship under plant interference was linear and positive. Water content of both experimental crops changed with the artificial biodiversity index conversely under single planting setup. When insects (either the folivore or the phloem feeder) damaged the host plants, the weight and water content of both crop species were 1.8 – 4.1 times higher than the control treatment. Apart from being a recurrent demonstration of the plant tolerance against insect feeding activity, current results can take a step forward for developing a theory on functional artificial biodiversity after herbivore insect–crop interactions.
Volume 29, Issue 2 (6-2022)
Abstract
One of the most important ways to understand people's thoughts is to study their written works. Each author draws a method consistent with his or her desired goals in order to affect the minds of readers. The style plays an important role in content transfer and access to the purpose of writing, because the readers’ inclination to read texts depends a lot on the proper structure of sentences. The most important modern trends are Stylistic that has multiple approaches, including Statistical Stylistics, a trend that uses quantity to achieve quality. This research deals with the study of Statistical Stylistics in Al-Sahifah Al-Sajjadiyyah. Ten prayers based on their words and subjects were selected and then compared their vocabulary richness, according to the two theories propounded by Yule and his colleagues, and Johnson, through descriptive-analytical and statistical approaches. We concluded that the highest vocabulary richness of Al-Sahifah Al-Sajjadiyyah is for the prayer 19 (Johnson's theory), and prayers 19 and 29 (by theory of Yule et al.), and the lowest is for the prayer 38 (Johnson’s theory), and the prayers 38 and 54 (by theory of Yule et al.). Thus, according to the two theories, the highest vocabulary richness is related to the moral category and the lowest is related to the historical category, but the differences between them was not much, and the reason of this differences have been the impact of social conditions.
