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The population assemblage of Drosophilidae in the four districts of North Western Ghats was analysed. A total of 13,604 individuals comprising 17 species collected from 8 localities during the period of 2021–22 across various seasons. The study highlights the dominance of three species (Drosophila bipectinata Duda, D. malerkotliana Parshad & Paika and D. eugracilis Bock & Wheeler) belonging to ananassae and eugracilis subgroups. Overall collection data revealed the highest species richness and diversity for Dharwad and UK interior forests, whereas the maximum abundance and the highest evenness were observed in UK coastal and Belagavi forests respectively. The species rank-abundance curve revealed Dharwad forest had higher species richness and comparatively stable species assemblage. Drosophila eugracilis was the dominant species in localities of Dharwad and Belagavi forests, whereas D. bipectinata was the dominant species in both coastal and interior localities of UK forests. Rare faction curves plotted across the different seasons for all the forest localities revealed population assemblage and species richness of all forests across different seasons. Morisita index of similarities showed similarities for populations across localities and seasons. Nonparametric independent sample Kruskal-Wallis test was done to test distribution of abundance of individual species across spatial and temporal groups. The study reveals variation of population assemblage across the forests of Dharwad, Belagavi, and Uttara Kannada (coastal and interior) and dominance of D. bipectinata, D. malerkotliana and D. eugracilis.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of long-term reduced tillage on yield and weeds of spring barley. Treatments consisted of three tillage systems including: (a) conventional tillage (CT), (b) reduced tillage (RT), and (c) herbicide tillage (HT) as the main plot, and two cultivars of spring barley (Tocada and Rastik) as subplots. The results showed that the yield of both cultivars was the highest in CT and the lowest in HT and RT tillage systems. Yield reductions in both HT and RT tillage systems were due to lower spikes per m² and 1,000 grain weight. Weeds numbers and dry weight were more in HT and RT than CT tillage.

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Proper planning and design of transportation networks in the cities is an important subject, and the avenues, boulevards and refuges in the cities give the cities an aesthetic and functional feature as open green spaces. In addition to their aesthetic qualities, planting in urban areas also plays an important role in preventing pollution and improving air quality in the cities. In this context, the existing woody plant taxa were identified on the boulevards located in Nilufer district of Bursa in Turkey. The soil characteristics and soil heavy metal accumulations of these woody plant taxa were also determined. In the studied boulevards, there were 34 genera, 31 species, 10 subspecies and varieties belonging to 23 families. Among the total woody species gathered, 72.73% of the woody species were tree species and the rest were shrubs. The soils found on the boulevards were usually sandy and clay loam, and inadequate in terms of organic matter contents. On the other hand, the heavy metal deposits in the territories of the boulevards situated in the industrial zones were higher than those in other housing areas but below the permissible values.