An updated checklist of the ladybird beetles (Col., Coccinellidae) of Nepal

Sushila Bajracharya

Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal. 

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-6860 

Prem Bahadur Budha

Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0205-0979

ABSTRACT. The checklist of ladybird beetles in the coleopteran family Coccinellidae of Nepal includes 219 species belonging to 12 tribes and 55 genera. They are distributed from a wide elevation range from 81 m to 4500 m asl. Coccinella luteopicta (Mulsant, 1866) and Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758 were recorded at the highest elevation, 4500 m asl. However, the most widespread species was C. septempunctata, occurring across an elevation range from 81 m to 4500 m asl. Forty-five species are reported only from Nepal. Nepal is home to a rich diversity of ladybird beetle species, yet many parts remain insufficiently explored and the distribution locations of many species are still unknown, therefore more intensive study of this fauna is needed.

Keywords: Coccinellids, distribution, elevation, endemic species, Himalaya, type locality

Citation: Bajracharya, S. & Budha, P.B. (2025) An updated checklist of the ladybird beetles (Col., Coccinellidae) of Nepal. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, 11 (4), 823–872.

Coccinellids are commonly known as ladybird beetles belonging to the coleopteran family Coccinellidae. They are the largest family of the superfamily Coccinelloidea, comprising more than 6000 species (Vandenberg, 2002; Robertson et al., 2015) under three subfamilies, Microweiseinae, Monocoryninae, and Coccinellinae (Che et al., 2021), 24 tribes, and 375 genera (Seago et al., 2011; Nedvěd, 2020; Soares et al., 2021). Nepal has a unique geography, with the highest climatic variation and insect diversity at elevations ranging from 70 m in the southern plains to 8848.86 m at Mount Everest in the north (MFSC, 2014), providing diverse habitats for common to unique beetle fauna.

The earliest study on ladybird beetles of Nepal goes back to the early half of the 19^th century. Hope (1831) first described 19 species of Coccinelidae from Nepal from Hardwicke’s collection. Five more coccinellid species were added to the fauna of Nepal by Mulsant (1850), Crotch (1874), and Dohrn (1882) before the 20^th century. Kapur (1955) updated the list of 41 coccinellids species with the description of two new genera Afissula (which was later synonymized with Afissa Dieke, 1947) and Afidentula, along with five new species, Afissa nepalensis, A. rana, Exochomus himalayensis, Sticholotis amator, and Scymnus bourdilloni. Bielawski (1971, 1972) added five more species with descriptions of Scymnus (Pullus) janetscheki, Scymnus (Pullus) nepalensis, Cryptogonus nepalensis, Coelophora eberti, Calvia albida, and 17 new records. Wadhi and Parshad (1980) further added 16 species and 7 genera as new records to Nepal. Miyatake (1967, 1985) also described nine new species of ladybird beetles from Nepal. Canepari and Milanese (1997) provided a checklist of 114 species with 15 new species descriptions from Nepal. Canepari (2003) further described three more new species, Nephus similincludens, Scymnus (Pullus) weigeli, Halyzia nepalensis from Nepal. While revising collections of Calvia albida specimens from the National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects (NBAII), Bangalore, India, Calvia explanata was also reported from specimens from Nepal (Godavari and Nagarjun Forest, Kathmandu Valley) in addition to Sikkim and Darjeeling, NE India. The comprehensive records of coccinellids of the Indian subcontinent published by Poorani (2023, 2024) also mentioned distribution records of ladybird beetle species from Nepal.

Thapa (2015) listed 204 ladybird beetle species under six subfamilies, 19 tribes, and 57 genera with 14 undescribed species. A few Nepalese authors published some papers on the Coccinellidae of Nepal (Bista & Omkar, 2011; KC et al., 2018, 2019, 2020; Bajracharya & Budha, 2021). The morphological classification of Coccinellidae recognized six to seven subfamilies (Chilocorinae, Coccidulinae, Coccinellinae, Epilachninae, Scymninae, Sticholotidinae, and sometimes Ortaliinae). The taxonomy of Coccinellidae still remains unstable. Ślipiński (2007) proposed dividing Coccinellidae into two subfamilies, Microweiseinae and Coccinellinae. Che et al. (2021) grouped the family Coccinellidae into three subfamilies Microweiseinae, Coccinellinae, and Monocoryninae, based on multiple nuclear protein-coding gene sequences. This classification was followed in the study and documented new distribution records of Nepalese ladybird beetles.

However, this study of the ladybird beetle in Nepal is still insufficient to show diversity in comparison to the country’s wide geographical and climatic variations. This checklist provides a comprehensive list of ladybird beetles based on a literature review, along with distribution records and some field observations.     

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The preparation of this checklist is based on published literature and a few occasional field collections from various parts of Nepal such as Jhapa, Panchthar, Darchula, Ilam, Tanahu, Lamjung, Dadeldhura, Kailali, Nawalparasi, and Janakpur. The collected specimens were identified at the species level according to the diagnostic characteristics provided in the reliable resources (Weise, 1900; Kapur, 1946; Poorani, 2014b; Saeed et al., 2016; Hayat et al., 2017; Das et al., 2021). Taxonomic updates on valid species are provided, with higher-level classification following Seago et al. (2011), and the subfamily and their tribal divisions based on Che et al. (2021). Efforts have been made to place species according to recent combinations and synonyms. The nomenclatural history for each genus is provided. Each species has been given original protonym, type specimens, type depositories, and type locality wherever accessible. The subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species have been arranged alphabetically for convenience. The occurrences reported in various countries, as documented in the literature, are provided in the checklist and classified according to the different zoogeographical regions of the world. Species recorded exclusively in Nepal are classified as endemic. Species found in the Oriental region, in addition to Nepal, are categorized as Oriental, categorized accordingly in another zoogeographical region as well, and arranged in alphabetical order. Species found in more than three zoogeographical regions are indicated as cosmopolitan. The geographical distribution is represented as a district from respective locations with an altitudinal range from Nepal. The new distribution location has been added to the species distribution of Nepal, with the additional record indicated in brackets. The altitudinal range has been revised and provided accordingly. The number of species recorded from review and sampling at each altitudinal range has been categorized into five distinct elevational ranges and presented in a graph. The map of Nepal representing species distribution is presented using ArcGIS 10.7.1. The depositories for the type specimens of the recorded species are provided whenever available, indicated by the following acronyms:

ANS—The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; BMNH—British Museum of Natural History, London, United Kingdom (currently NHMUK—Natural History Museum, United Kingdom); CDZMTU—Central Department Zoology Museum of Tribhuvan University, Nepal; CPC—Claudio Canepari collections; CUMZ—Chulalongkorn University Museum of Zoology, Bangkok, Thailand;
DEI—Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Germany; EC—Erfurt Naturkundemuseum Collections, Germany; ELKU—Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; EUMJ—Entomological Laboratory, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan; HNHM—Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary; HU—Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; IZAS—Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica; MHNG—Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Geneve, Switzerland; NBAIR—National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bangalore, India; NHMW—Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; NHRS—Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Entomology, Stockholm; OXUM—Oxford University Museum; SMNS—Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany; UASB—University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore; UCCC—University of Cambridge Crotch Collections, Cambridge, United Kingdom; USNM—United States National Museum; ZIL—Museum de Saint Petersbourgh, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, Russia; ZMUM—Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University, Russia; ZSBS—Zoologischen Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, München, Germany; ZSI—Zoological Survey of India.

RESULTS

Taxonomic hierarchy

Class Insecta Linnaeus, 1758

Order Coleoptera Linnaeus, 1758

Superfamily Coccinelloidea Latreille, 1807

Family Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807

Subfamily Coccinellinae Latreille, 1807

Tribe Aspidimerini Mulsant, 1850

Genus Aspidimerus Mulsant, 1850

Aspidimerus Mulsant, 1850:944. Type species: Aspidimerus spencei Mulsant, 1850.

Aspidimerus esakii Sasaji, 1968

Aspidimerus esakii Sasaji, 1968:16. Holotype ♂. – Taiwan.

Distribution in Nepal. Nuwakot at 1900 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal. India, Myanmar (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015), China (Huo et al., 2013), Taiwan (Sasaji, 1968).

Aspidimerus sp.

Distribution in Nepal. Mugu (1800 m) (Thapa, 2015).

Genus Cryptogonus Mulsant, 1850

Cryptogonus Mulsant, 1850:944. Type species: Coccinella orbicular Gyllenhal, 1808.

Cryptogonus ariasi (Mulsant, 1853)

Aspidimerus ariasi Mulsant, 1853:265. The northern provinces of the East Indies.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Sankhuwasabha, Taplejung from 270–2600 m (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Myanmar (Thapa, 2015), China (Poorani, 2024).

Cryptogonus bimaculatus Kapur, 1948

Cryptogonus bimaculatus Kapur, 1948:115. Holotype ♂. – India, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Tanahu (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015), Lamjung (KC et al., 2018) from 600–700 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal. India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015; Dorji et al., 2019).

Cryptogonus complexus Kapur, 1948

Cryptogonus complexus Kapur, 1948:110. Holotype ♂. – India, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha from 950–1350 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Myanmar, India, Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019).

Cryptogonus nepalensis Bielawski, 1972

Cryptogonus nepalensis Bielawski, 1972:294. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, ZSBS.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Myagdi, Jumla, Taplejung, Dolkha, Kalikot (Miyatake, 1985; Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015), from 850–3000 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), Pakistan (Azad et al., 2020), Myanmar (Thapa, 2015), India (Das et al., 2022).

Cryptogonus nitidus Kapur, 1948

Cryptogonus nitidus Kapur, 1948:104. Holotype ♀. – Myanmar, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Myagdi from 1500 m asl (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Myanmar (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015), India (Poorani, 2024).

Cryptogonus orbiculus (Gyllenhal, 1808)

Coccinella orbicula Gyllenhal [in Schönherr], 1808:205. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Taplejung, Panchthar from 1200–1850 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oceanic – Micronesia; Oriental – Nepal, India, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand, South Asia; Palaearctic – Japan (Kapur, 1948; Thapa, 2015).

Cryptogonus postmedialis Kapur, 1948

Cryptogonus postmedialis Kapur, 1948:95. Holotype ♂. – India, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Kaski from 1250–1500 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Poorani, 2002b), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), Myanmar (Kapur, 1948; Thapa, 2015), China (Poorani, 2024).

Cryptogonus quadriguttatus (Weise, 1895)

Aspidiphorus quadriguttatus Weise, 1895:326. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Bhojpur, Kaski, Myagdi (Thapa, 2015), Lamjung (KC et al., 2018), Darchula (additional record) from 700–1900m.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Bhutan (Poorani, 2012; Dorji et al., 2019), China (Poorani, 2024).

Cryptogonus trioblitus (Gorham, 1895)

Aspidimerus trioblitus Gorham, 1895:690. Myanmar.

Distribution in Nepal. Solukhumbu at 2835 m asl (Kapur, 1955; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Myanmar, Thailand (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), China (Poorani, 2024).

Tribe Chilocorini Mulsant, 1846

Genus Brumoides Chapin, 1965

Brumoides Chapin, 1965:237. Type species: Coccinella suturalis Fabricius, 1798.

Brumoides lineatus (Weise, 1885)

Brumus lineatus Weise, 1885:229. Myanmar.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam at 800 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, India (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015), China, Pakistan (Liu et al., 2012; Li et al., 2020).

Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius, 1798)

Coccinella suturalis Fabricius, 1798:78. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Sankhuwasabha, Lalitpur (Thapa, 2015), Solukhumbu, Chitwan (Bielawski, 1972), Kanchanpur (Bista & Omkar, 2011) from 229–2600 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Pakistan (Saeed et al., 2016), Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015).

Genus Chilocorus Leach, 1815

Chilocorus Leach, 1815:116. Type species: Coccinella cacti Linnaeus, 1767.

Chilocorus alishanus Sasaji, 1968

Chilocorus alishanus Sasaji, 1968:20. Holotype ♂. – Taiwan.

Distribution in Nepal. Darchula from 1200–1400 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China (Li et al., 2018).

Chilocorus circumdatus Gyllenhall, 1808

Coccinella circumdatus Gyllenhal [in Schönherr], 1808:152. India orientali.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha from 1850–2000 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Australasian – Australia; Oceanic – Cook Islands, Hawaii; Oriental – Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, China, (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), Laos, Pakistan (Khan et al., 2007).

Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, 1853

Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, 1853:189. les Indes Orientales.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu (Miyatake, 1985), Lamjung (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), from 850–1400 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Pakistan, China (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), Palaearctic – Japan, China (Li et al., 2018).

Chilocorus matsumurai Miyatake, 1985

Chilocorus matsumurai Miyatake, 1985:13. Holotype ♀. – Nepal, HU.

Distribution in Nepal. Palpa at 2600 m asl (Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Chilocorus melas Weise, 1898

Chilocorus melas Weise, 1898:229. Indonesia.

Distribution in Nepal. Myagdi from 2000–2200 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Indonesia, Laos (Thapa, 2015; Li et al., 2020), Malaysia, Vietnam (Booth, 1998).

Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius, 1798)

Coccinella nigrita Fabricius, 1798:79. “Tranquebariae DaldorfF Muf Dom Lund”.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Kaski (Thapa, 2015), Lamjung (KC et al., 2018), Lalitpur (KC et al., 2020) from 700–1100 m asl.

Global distribution. Afrotropical – South Africa, Pacific, Madagascar, Oman, Reunion, Mauritius, Togo, Ghana, East Africa, Kenya, Tanzania; Australasian – Australia (Li et al., 2018); Nearctic – USA (Poorani, 2023b); Neotropical – Brazil; Oriental – Nepal, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Seychelles, Malaysia, Chagos Archipelago (Samways, 1989).

Chilocorus politus Mulsant, 1850

Chilocorus politus Mulsant, 1850:455. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Bhaktapur (Thapa, 2015), Sindhupalchok (Bielawski, 1972), Lamjung (KC et al., 2018), Palpa, Lumbini (Li et al., 2018) from 150–1350 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China, Laos, India, Bhutan, Thailand, Java (Indonesia) Palaearctic – China (Li et al., 2018).

Chilocorus rubidus Hope, 1831

Chilocorus rubidus Hope, 1831:31. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Dolkha at 3800 m asl (Bielawski, 1972).

Global distribution. Australasian – Australia; Oriental – Nepal, India, Pakistan, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam; Palaearctic – China (Li et al., 2018), Japan, Korea, Mongolia (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), Eastern Russia (Poorani, 2023b).

Genus Curinus Mulsant, 1850

Orcus (Curinus) Mulsant, 1850:472. Type species: Orcus (Curinus) coeruleus Mulsant, 1850.

Curinus coeruleus (Mulsant, 1850)

Orcus (Curinus) coeruleus Mulsant, 1850:472. Brazil.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Poorani, 2012).

Global distribution. Nearctic – Mexico (Mulsant, 1850; Yang, 2006); Neotropical – Central and South America (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015); Oceanic – Hawaii; Oriental – Nepal, India, Thailand, The Philippines, Brazil, Indonesia (Poorani, 2023b).

Genus Orcus Mulsant, 1850

Orcus Mulsant, 1850:465. Type species: Orcus janthinus Mulsant, by subsequent designation of Crotch, 1874.

Orcus nepalicus Canepari, 2012

Orcus nepalicus Canepari, 2012:363. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Mugu from 2000–2900 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Genus Priscibrumus Kovář, 1995

Priscibrumus Kovář, 1995:114. Type species: Exochomus puniceipennis Semenow, 1900.

Priscibrumus disjunctus Canepari, 1997

Priscibrumus disjunctus Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:45. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Manang, Mustang, Dolpa from 3100–4150 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal; Palaearctic – China (Li et al., 2020).

Priscibrumus himalayensis (Kapur, 1955)

Exochomus himalayensis Kapur, 1955:333. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Rasuwa (Kapur, 1955; Thapa, 2015), Ramechhap (Bielawski, 1972) from 3200–3600 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal; Palaearctic – China (Li et al., 2020).

Priscibrumus uropygialis (Mulsant, 1853)

Exochomus uropygialis Mulsant, 1853:196. “les regions boréales de l’Inde”.

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Mustang (Miyatake, 1985) at 2600 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Bhutan, Pakistan (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015); Palaearctic – China (Li et al., 2020).

Tribe Sumniini Hoang, 1982

Genus Sumnius Weise, 1892

Sumnius Weise, 1892:29. Type species: Sumnius cardoni Weise, 1892.

Sumnius hoangi Canepari, 1997

Sumnius hoangi Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:47. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur, Chitwan, Bardia (Canepari & Milanese, 2012), Taplejung, Sankhuwasabha (Canepari & Milanese, 1997) from 170–2700 m asl.

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal

Sumnius renardi Weise, 1892

Sumnius renardi Weise, 1892:29. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu, Gorkha, Lamjung (Thapa, 2015) from 1000–1350 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – India, Nepal.

Sumnius simplex Canepari, 2012

Sumnius simplex Canepari, 2012:358. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Manang at 2200 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Sumnius thanhhoaensis Hoang, 1980

Sumnius thanhhoaensis Hoang, 1980:8. Holotype ♂. – Vietnam, ZIL.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam from 470–800 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Vietnam (Thapa, 2015).

Sumnius vestitus (Mulsant, 1850)

Aulis vestita Mulsant, 1850:934. East Indies.

Distribution in Nepal. Lamjung, Gorkha, Sankhuwasabha, Kathmandu, Kaski, Banke (Canepari & Milanese, 1997, 2012; Thapa, 2015) from 170–1800 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015; Dorji et al., 2019).

Tribe Coccidulini Mulsant, 1846

Genus Horniolus Weise, 1900

Horniolus Weise, 1900:442. Type species: Horniolus dispar Weise, 1900.

Horniolus hisamatsui Miyatake, 1976

Horniolus hisamatsui Miyatake, 1976:29. Holotype ♀. – China, EUMJ.

Distribution in Nepal. Kaski at 2000 m (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China (Thapa, 2015; Chen et al., 2016b), India (Szawaryn & Větrovec, 2020); Palaearctic – China (Chen et al., 2016b).

Horniolus nepalensis Canepari, 1997

Platynaspis nepalensis Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:20, 45. Holotype ♀. – Nepal, MHNG.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha from 2200–2600 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Tribe Scymnini Mulsant, 1846

Genus Nephus Mulsant, 1846

Scymnus (Nephus) Mulsant, 1846:237. Type species: Spaeridium quadrimaculatum Herbst, 1783 by subsequent designation of Korschefsky, 1931.

Nephus similincludens Canepari, 2003

Nephus similincludens Canepari, 2003:262. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Mugu (Canepari & Milanese, 2012), Dolpa, Humla (Canepari, 2003), from 2100–3300 m asl.

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Genus Sasajiscymnus Vandenberg, 2004

Pseudoscymnus Chapin, 1962:50 (preoccupied in Pisces). Type species: Scymnus hareja Weise, 1879, by original designation. Sasajiscymnus Vandenberg, 2004:483.

Sasajiscymnus funerarius (Canepari & Milanese, 1997)

Pseudoscymnus funerarius Canepari & Milanese, 1997:7. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam from 2100–2300 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Sasajiscymnus luteoniger (Canepari, 1997)

Pseudoscymnus luteoniger Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:8. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha from 950–1000 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Sasajiscymnus nepalicus (Miyatake, 1985)

Pseudoscymnus nepalicus Miyatake, 1985:7. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, HU.

Distribution in Nepal. Kaski, Taplejung from 900–2300 m asl (Thapa, 2015; Iqbal et al., 2020).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Sasajiscymnus nirvana Canepari, 2012

Sasajiscymnus nirvana Canepari, 2012:362. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Dhankuta from 2000–2700 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Sasajiscymnus ocelliferus (Canepari & Milanese, 1997)

Pseudoscymnus ocelliferus Canepari & Milanese, 1997:7–8. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam from 2100–2200 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Sasajiscymnus quinquepunctatus (Weise, 1923)

Nephus quinquepunctatus Weise, 1923:188. Formosa.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu, Humla from 1450–3500 m asl (Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Thailand (Saengyot & Burikam, 2012), Nepal, China, Taiwan; Palaearctic – Japan (Iqbal et al., 2020).

Sasajiscymnus spp.

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur, Kathmandu at 1400–1450 m asl (Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015).

Genus Scymnus Kugelann, 1794

Scymnus Kugelann, 1794:545. Type species: Scymnus nigrinus Kugelann, 1794:548.

Scymnus (Scymnus) nubilus Mulsant, 1850

Scymnus nubilus Mulsant, 1850:972. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Kathmandu, Kaski, Lalitpur, Chitwan, Banke, Dhading, Bara (Bielawski, 1972; Canepari, 2003; Canepari & Milanese, 1997, 2012; Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015) from 170–2550 m asl.

Global distribution. Afrotropical – La reunion (Chen et al., 2013); Oceanic – Micronesia; Oriental – Nepal, China, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Myanmar; Palaearctic – Iran (Heidari Latibari et al., 2022), China, Southern Europe, North and Central Africa, Portugal, Japan (Thapa, 2015).

Scymnus (Scymnus) sufflavus Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Scymnus) sufflavus Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:9. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha at 2250 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal; Palaearctic – China (Chen et al., 2013).

Scymnus (Scymnus) tristigmaticus Gorham, 1895

Scymnus tristigmaticus Gorham, 1895:692. Myanmar.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam at 1330 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Myanmar (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015).

Scymnus (Scymnus) trisulicus Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Scymnus) trisulicus Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:9. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Nuwakot at 2000 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal; Palaearctic – China (Chen et al., 2013).

Subgenus Pullus Mulsant, 1846

Scymnus (Pullus) Mulsant, 1846:241. Type species: Coccinella subvillosa Goeze, 1777, designated by Korschefsky, 1931:116.

Scymnus (Pullus) besucheti Canepari, 1986

Scymnus (Pullus) besucheti Canepari, 1986:23. Holotype ♂. – India, MHNG.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Kathmandu, Lalitpur (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kaski (Canepari, 2003) from 1400–3000 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015).

Scymnus (Pullus) bourdilloni (Kapur, 1955)

Pullus bourdilloni Kapur, 1955:335. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Sindupalchok, Taplejung (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Lalitpur, Kaski (Canepari, 2003), Solukhumbu (Kapur, 1955) from 270–3660 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Poorani, 2012).

Scymnus (Pullus) cirroticus Canepari, 2012

Scymnus (Pullus) cirroticus Canepari, 2012:360 – 361. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Nawalpur, Banke from 170–900 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) dubitabilis Canepari, 2012

Scymnus (Pullus) dubitabilis Canepari 2012:361. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Gorkha at 1500 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) exilis Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Pullus) exilis Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:14. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Kaski from 1000–1200 m asl (Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) fruticis Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Pullus) fruticis Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:14. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha from 1800–2300 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China; Palaearctic – China (Chen et al., 2015b).

Scymnus (Pullus) godavariensis Miyatake, 1985

Scymnus (Pullus) godavariensis Miyatake, 1985:10. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, HU.

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur (Miyatake, 1985), Gorkha (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kaski, Mugu, Humla (Canepari & Milanese, 2012) from 750–3500 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China; Palaearctic – China (Chen et al., 2015b).

Scymnus (Pullus) hepaticus Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Pullus) hepaticus Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:12. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, MHNG.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Taplejung, Sankhuwasabha, Panchthar, Sindhupalchok, Lalitpur from 1950–3200 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) ictericus Canepari, 2012

Scymnus (Pullus) ictericus Canepari, 2012:361. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Chitwan, Gorkha from 180–2000 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) janetscheki Bielawski, 1971

Scymnus (Pullus) janetscheki Bielawski, 1971:5. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Solukhumbu, Kavrepalanchok from 1000–3900 m asl (Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal; Palaearctic – China (Chen et al., 2015a).

Scymnus (Pullus) kawamurai (Ohta, 1929)

Pullus kawamurai Ohta, 1929:8. Japan.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu, Kaski from 850–1300 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – China (Huang et al., 2019), Nepal, India; Palaearctic – Japan (Poorani, 2012).

Scymnus (Pullus) kopetzi Canepari, 2012

Scymnus kopetzi Canepari, 2012:359. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu, Humla from 1800–2950 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) kosianus Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Pullus) kosianus Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:15. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, MHNG.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha at 1100 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) lucicolus Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Pullus) lucicolus Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:15. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Panchthar at 2300 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) martensi Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Pullus) martensi Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:14. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Tehrathum (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kaski (Canepari, 2003), Gorkha, Taplejung (Canepari & Milanese, 2012) from 1600–3450 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal; Palaearctic – China (Chen et al., 2015a).

Scymnus (Pullus) mellinus Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Pullus) mellinus Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:11. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, MHNG.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Sindhupalchok, Ilam (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kaski (Canepari, 2003) from 2100–2800 m asl.

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) monachus Canepari, 2012

Scymnus (Pullus) monachus Canepari, 2012:360. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Bajura from 2900–3500 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) nepalensis Bielawski, 1971

Scymnus (Pullus) nepalensis Bielawski, 1971:3. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Taplejung, Tehrathum, Dhading, Panchthar, Sankhuwasabha (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kathmandu, Lamjung (Canepari, 2003), Kaski, Humla, Jumla (Canepari & Milanese, 2012), Dolkha (Bielawski, 1972) from 800–2800 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015).

Scymnus (Pullus) posticalis Sicard, 1913

Scymnus posticalis Sicard, 1913:503. Myanmar.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Kathmandu, Kaski, Dolpa, Gorkha, Dhading, Dailekh, Panchthar, Bhaktapur (Canepari, 2003; Canepari & Milanese, 1997, 2012), Lalitpur (KC et al., 2020) from 600–3000 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China, Myanmar, India, Bhutan (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), Pakistan (Bodlah et al., 2021); Palaearctic – Japan (Poorani, 2002b).

Scymnus (Pullus) pyrocheilus Mulsant, 1853

Scymnus pyrocheilus Mulsant, 1853:281. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Poorani, 2012).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Bangladesh (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015).

Scymnus (Pullus) rufomaculatus Canepari, 2012

Scymnus (Pullus) rufomaculatus Canepari, 2012:360. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Humla from 2500–3400 m asl (Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) rufoniger Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Pullus) rufoniger Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:13. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Tehrathum from 1350–1850 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) schawalleri Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Pullus) schawalleri Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:13. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Panchthar at 2700m (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) sodalis (Weise, 1923)

Pullus sodalis Weise, 1923:186. Taiwan.

Distribution in Nepal. Taplejung (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015), Chitwan (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015) from 180–1800 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015); Palaearctic – Japan (Kamiya, 1961); China (Yu, 1995).

Scymnus (Pullus) suffavoides Canepari, 2012

Scymnus (Pullus) suffavoides Canepari, 2012:361–362. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Manang at 2500 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) suturaloides Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Pullus) suturaloides Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:16. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, MHNG.

Distribution in Nepal. Rasuwa, Humla (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015) from 3200–3800 m asl.

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus (Pullus) victoris (Motschulsky, 1858)

Scymnus limbatus Motschulsky, 1858:118. East Indies.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Dhankuta from 270–300 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, The Philippines (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015).

Scymnus (Pullus) weigeli Canepari, 2003

Scymnus (Pullus) weigeli Canepari, 2003:263. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Kaski at 1600 m asl (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Subgenus Neopullus Sasaji, 1971

Scymnus (Neopullus) Sasaji, 1971:177. Type species: Scymnus hoffmanni Weise, 1879.

Scymnus (Neopullus) fuscatus Boheman, 1859

Scymnus fuscatus Boheman, 1859:208. Indonesia.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kathmandu, Kaski (Canepari, 2003), Chitwan, Banke (Canepari & Milanese, 2012) from 170–1350 m asl.

Global distribution. Afrotropical – Sudan, Australasian – Australia; Oceanic – New Guinea (Chen et al., 2014); Oriental – Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, Taiwan, The Philippines, Sunda Islands, Thailand, India, Cambodia, Papua, Vietnam, Indonesia; Palaearctic – Japan (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015).

Scymnus (Neopullus) ohtai Sasaji, 1971

Scymnus (Neopullus) ohtai Sasaji, 1971:184. Holotype ♂. – Japan, ELKU.

Distribution in Nepal. Chitwan (Canepari & Milanese, 2012), Kathmandu, Banke (Thapa, 2015) from 170–1350 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Japan (Sasaji, 1971).

Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:16. Type species: Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) smetanai Canepari, 1997:17.

Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) rhododendri Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) rhododendri Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:17. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha from 2600–2800 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal; Palaearctic – China (Chen et al., 2016a).

Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) smetanai Canepari, 1997

Scymnus (Orthoscymnus) smetanai Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:17. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, MHNG.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha from 2250–2500 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Scymnus spp.

Distribution in Nepal. Chitwan, Gorkha, Dolkha, Humla, Manang, Kaski from 180–3400 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Genus Stethorus Weise, 1885

Scymnus (Stethorus) Weise, 1885:65. Type species: Stethorus punctillum Weise, 1891.

Stethorus pauperculus Weise, 1895

Scymnus (Stethorus) pauperculus Weise, 1895:155. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kathmandu (Thapa, 2015) from 270–1400 m asl.

Global distribution. Afrotropical – Yemen, Saudi Arabia; Oriental – Nepal, Pakistan, China, Philippines, India, Malaysia, and Thailand (Iqbal et al., 2019).

Tribe Tetrabrachini Kapur, 1948

Genus Tetrabrachys Kapur, 1948

Lithophilus Frölich, 1799:11 (preoccupied). Type species: Lithophilus connatus Panzer, 1796.

Tetrabrachys lindemannae Fürsch, 1960

Tetrabrachys lindemannae Fürsch, 1960:64. Holotype ♂. – Pakistan, ZSBS.

Distribution in Nepal. Mustang, Sindhupalchok (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015) from 2800–3300 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Pakistan (Fürsch, 1960; Thapa, 2015).

Tribe Coccinellini Latreille, 1807

= Halyziini Musant, 1846; Discotomini Mulsant, 1850; Tytthaspidini Crotch, 1847; Bulaeini Savoiskaja, 1969; Singhikaliini Miyatake, 1972

Genus Adalia Mulsant, 1846

Idalia Mulsant, 1846:44 (preoccupied in Hubner, 1819 [Lepidoptera]). Type species: Coccinella bipunctata Linnaeus, 1758.

Adalia tetraspilota (Hope, 1831)

Coccinella tetraspilota Hope, 1831:31. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Sindhupalchok (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Palpa (Miyatake, 1985), (Thapa, 2015), Dolkha (Bielawski, 1972) from 2000–2700 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Pakistan (Ashfaque, 2012), Nepal, India, China (Hope, 1843), Palaearctic – Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015).

Genus Aiolocaria Crotch, 1871

Aiolocaria Crotch, 1871:6. Type species: Coccinella hexaspilota Hope, 1831.

Aiolocaria hexaspilota (Hope, 1831)

Coccinella hexaspilota Hope, 1831:31. Lectotype ♂. – Nepal, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Nuwakot, Gorkha, Mustang, Jumla (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015), Ramechhap (Bielawski, 1972) from 1200–2650 m asl.

Global distribution. Nearctic – US; Oriental – Nepal, India, Pakistan, Myanmar (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2021), China, Taiwan (Saeed et al., 2016); Palaearctic – Japan, Russia, Korea (Leeper, 2015).

Genus Alloneda Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1979

Alloneda Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1979:63. Type species: Coccinella dodecaspilota Hope, 1831.

Alloneda dodecaspilota (Hope, 1831)

Coccinella 12-spilota Hope, 1831:31. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Kaski (Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015) Sindhupalchok (Bielawski, 1972) from 750–1800 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, China, Bhutan (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015).

Genus Anegleis Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982

Anegleis Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982:295. Type species: Verania cardoni Weise, 1892.

Anegleis cardoni (Weise, 1892)

Verania cardoni Weise, 1892:19; 1895:153. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Nawalpur, Surkhet (Thapa, 2015), Kanchanpur (Bista & Omkar, 2011) from 150–500 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015).

Genus Bulaea Mulsant, 1850

Bulaea Mulsant, 1850:36, 69. Type species: Coccinella lichatschovi Hummel, 1827:43.

Bulaea nevilli (Dohrn, 1882)

Coccinella (Bulaea) nevilli Dohrn, 1882:374. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Dohrn, 1882).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Genus Callicaria Crotch, 1874

Callicaria Crotch, 1874:169. Type species: Caria superba Mulsant, 1853.

Callicaria superba (Mulsant, 1853)

Caria superba Mulsant, 1853:159. “les indies”.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu, Gorkha, Mustang, Myagdi from 1200–2800 m asl (Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Crotch, 1874), Bhutan, Tibet, Taiwan (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), China; Palaearctic – Japan, China (Poorani, 2023a).

Genus Calvia Mulsant, 1846

Calvia Mulsant, 1846:140. Type species: Coccinella decemguttata Linnaeus, 1758:367.

Calvia albida Bielawski, 1972

Calvia albida Bielawski, 1972:308. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, ZSBS.

Distribution in Nepal. Darchula (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015), Ramechhap, Dolkha (Bielawski, 1972) from 1700–2700 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Crotch, 1874; Dorji et al., 2019), China (Poorani, 2014a).

Calvia breiti Mader, 1932

Calvia (Anisocalvia) breiti Mader, 1932:6. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Rasuwa, Myagdi from 2000–3350 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019; Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), China (Poorani, 2023a).

Calvia explanata Poorani, 2014

Calvia explanata Poorani, 2014a:2. Holotype ♂. – India, NBAIR.

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur, Kathmandu from 1387–1450 m asl (Poorani, 2014a).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Poorani, 2014a).

Calvia punctata (Mulsant, 1853)

Harmonia punctata Mulsant, 1853:143. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu at 1350 m asl (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Pakistan, Palaearctic – Afghanistan (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), Central Asian States of the former Soviet Union (Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982), Iran (Kovář, 2007).

Calvia quatuordecimguttata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Coccinella 14-guttata Linnaeus, 1758:367. Europe.

Distribution in Nepal. Mugu (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015), Lalitpur (KC et al., 2019) from 1320–3000 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Bhutan, India (Dorji et al., 2019; Thapa, 2015), Palaearctic – China (ChengDe et al., 2008), Europe (Linnaeus, 1758), Azerbaijan (Snegovaya & Zareh Khormizi, 2022), (Kovář, 2007), Iran (Alichi & Yazdani, 1989).

Calvia shiva Kapur, 1963

Calvia shiva Kapur, 1963:40. Holotype ♂. – India, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur (Miyatake, 1985), Kaski, Humla (Thapa, 2015) from 1450–2800 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Kapur, 1963), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019).

Calvia sykesii (Crotch, 1874)

Anisocalvia sykesii Crotch, 1874:146. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015), Myagdi (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015), Taplejung (Booth, 1997) from 1889–2200 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Crotch, 1874; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2021).

Calvia vulnerata (Hope, 1831)

Coccinella vulnerata Hope, 1831:31. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Myagdi (Thapa, 2015), Bardia, Kathmandu (Booth, 1997) from 330–2200 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Crotch, 1874; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), China (Poorani, 2023a).

Genus Cheilomenes Dejean, 1836

Cheilomenes Dejean, 1836:435. Type species: Coccinella lunata Fabricius, 1775.

Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1781)

Coccinella sexmaculata Fabricius, 1781:96. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Dhading (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015), Dolkha (Bielawski, 1972), Lamjung, Kaski (KC et al., 2018), Lalitpur (KC et al., 2019), Kanchanpur (Bista & Omkar, 2011), Kathmandu (Bajracharya & Budha, 2021) Jhapa (additional record) from 81–2000 m asl.

Global distribution. Australasian – Australia; Neotropical – Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Caribbean Island of Curacao (Assour & Behm, 2019); Oceanic – Polynesia, New Guinea; Oriental – Nepal, India (Schönherr, 1808), Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, The Philippines, Vietnam, China, Indochina, Taiwan, Borneo; Palaearctic – Japan (Takizawa, 1917), Portugal (Migeon et al., 2023), Iran, Afghanistan, (Thapa, 2015).

Genus Coccinella Linnaeus, 1758

Coccinella Linnaeus, 1758:364. Type species: Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758.

Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow, 1889

Coccinella undecimpunctata magnopunctata Rybakow, 1889:289. China.

Distribution in Nepal. Manang, Dolpa (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015) from 3050–3600 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, China; Palaearctic – China (Kovář, 2005), Mongolia, (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), Iran (Farahi & Sadeghi, 2010).

Coccinella nepalensis Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982

Coccinella nepalensis Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982:361. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758

Coccinella 7-punctata Linnaeus, 1758:365. Europe.

Distribution in Nepal. Widespread and common in Nepal. Ilam, Taplejung, Panchthar, Sankhuwasabha, Solukhumbu, Ramechhap, Dolkha, Sindhupalchok, Kavrepalanchok, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Chitwan, Kaski, Myagdi, Manang, Mustang, Darchula, Kanchanpur, Lamjung, Jhapa (Bielawski, 1972; Miyatake, 1985; Canepari & Milanese, 1997, 2012; KC et al., 2018; Thapa, 2015) from 81–4500 m asl.

Global distribution. Nearctic – North America; Oriental – Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), Nepal, India, China, Bangladesh, Palaearctic region – China (Tsai et al., 1981), Europe (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), Middle east (Kovář, 2007).

Coccinella tibetina Kapur, 1963

Coccinella tibetina Kapur, 1963:34. Holotype ♂. – China, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Manang from 3800–4000 m asl (Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India; Palaearctic (Poorani, 2012), China (Kovář, 2005).

Coccinella transversalis Fabricius, 1781

Coccinella transversalis Fabricius, 1781:97. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Taplejung (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kaski, Manang, Lamjung (Kapur, 1955; Canepari & Milanese, 1997, 2012; KC et al., 2018), Sankhuwasabha (Thapa, 2015), Lalitpur (KC et al., 2019), Kanchanpur (Bista & Omkar, 2011), Kathmandu (Bajracharya & Budha, 2021), Jhapa (additional record) from 81–1500 m asl.

Global distribution. Australasian – Australia, New Zealand (Fabricius, 1781), Tasmania; Nearctic – Hawaii (USA); Oceanic – New Guinea, Micronesia; Oriental – Nepal, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Indochina, Indonesia, Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), China, Malaysia, Philippines; Palaearctic – Japan (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758

Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758:366. Europe.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Poorani, 2012).

Global distribution. Australasian – Australia; Nearctic – North America; Oriental – Nepal, India, Pakistan, China; Palaearctic – Mongolia, North Africa, Europe, Egypt (Ibrahim et al., 2022), Middle East, Far Eastern Russia; (Kovář, 2007).

Coccinella luteopicta (Mulsant, 1866)

Adalia luteopicta Mulsant, 1866:45. “Les régions boréales des Indes-Orientales”.

Distribution in Nepal. Sindhupalchok (Canepari, 1986), Rasuwa (Miyatake, 1985), Taplejung (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kavrepalanchok, Gorkha, Manang (Thapa, 2015) from 2900–4500 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, China (Crotch, 1874; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Poorani, 2023a), Pakistan; Palaearctic – China (Iqbal et al., 2024).

Genus Coelophora Mulsant, 1850

Coelophora Mulsant, 1850:390. Type species: Coccinella inaequalis Fabricius, 1775.

Coelophora biplagiata (Swartz, 1808)

Coccinella biplagiata Swartz [in Schönherr], 1808:196. China.

Distribution in Nepal. Dhading (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kathmandu, Lalitpur (KC et al., 2019) from 800–1400 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Myanmar, Indochina, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines; Palaearctic – China (Crotch, 1874), Korea, Japan, (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015), Far Eastern Russia (Poorani, 2023a).

Coelophora bissellata Mulsant, 1850

Coelophora bissellata Mulsant, 1850:400. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Lamjung (Kapur, 1955; Thapa, 2015), Kaski (Miyatake, 1985; KC et al., 2018), Lalitpur (KC et al., 2019), Kathmandu (Bajracharya & Budha, 2021), Dolkha (Bielawski, 1972) from 700–3800 m asl.

Global distribution. Oceanic – New Guinea (Poorani, 2012); Oriental – Nepal, India, Bangladesh, China (Li et al., 2019), Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, The Philippines, Indonesia, Borneo, Malacca (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), Pakistan (Poorani, 2023a).

Coelophora circumvelata (Hope, 1831)

Coccinella cincta Hope, 1831:31. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Hope, 1831).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Philippines (Thapa, 2015), India (Poorani, 2023a).

Coelophora duvaucelii Mulsant, 1850

Caria duvauceli Mulsant, 1850:233. Asia.

Material examined. ♀, Nepal, Tanahu (27°57'35.5926", 84°16'23.3862", 347 m), 15.vi.2022, Agricultural land, Budha, P.B.

Distribution in Nepal. Tanahu at 347 m asl (new distribution record).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Myanmar, China, Indonesia (Poorani, 2012).

Coelophora saucia (Mulsant, 1850)

Lemnia saucia Mulsant, 1850:380. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Lamjung at 700 m asl (KC et al., 2018).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Taiwan (Crotch, 1874), India, Thailand, China (Zhou et al., 2019), The Philippines, Myanmar; Palaearctic – Japan (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015), Korea (Poorani, 2023a).

Genus Halyzia Mulsant, 1846

Halyzia Mulsant, 1846:141, 148. Type species: Coccinella sedecimguttata Linnaeus, 1758:367.

Halyzia dejavu Poorani & Booth, 2006

Halyzia dejavu Poorani & Booth, 2006:66. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur at 2700 m asl (Poorani & Booth, 2006).

Global distribution. Oriental – India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Poorani, 2023a).

Halyzia nepalensis Canepari, 2003

Halyzia nepalensis Canepari, 2003:261. Holotype ♀. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Kaski at 2500 m asl (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Poorani & Thangjam, 2019), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2021).

Halyzia sanscrita Mulsant, 1853

Halyzia sanscrita Mulsant, 1853:152. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha at 2800 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, China (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), Pakistan (Hayat et al., 2016); Palaearctic – China (Yu et al., 2000).

Halyzia straminea (Hope, 1831)

Coccinella straminea Hope, 1831:31. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Kathmandu from 1700–2300 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Bhutan, China (Poorani, 2002b; Thapa, 2015), Taiwan (Poorani & Booth, 2006); Palaearctic – China (Yu et al., 2000).

Genus Harmonia Mulsant, 1846

Harmonia Mulsant, 1846:108. Type species: Coccinella marginepunctata Schaller, 1783

Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773)

Coccinella axyridis Pallas, 1773:716. Russia.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Poorani, 2012).

Global distribution. Afrotropical – Saudi Arabia (Biranvand et al., 2019); Nearctic – Mexico, Puerto Rico, Uruguay; Neotropical – Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuala (Hiller & Haelewaters, 2019); Oriental – Nepal, India, China, Taiwan; Palaearctic – China (Qu et al., 2018), Iran, Turkey, Japan, (Thapa, 2015), Russia (Belyakova & Reznik, 2013), Algeria (Lakhal et al., 2018).

Harmonia dimidiata (Fabricius, 1781)

Coccinella dimidiata Fabricius, 1781:94. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu, Gorkha, Nuwakot, Dhading (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Lamjung (Crotch, 1874; Kapur, 1955; KC et al., 2018), Kaski, Sindhupalchok, Palpa (Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015), Ramechhap (Bielawski, 1972), Lalitpur (additional record) from 600–2300 m asl.

Global distribution. Nearctic – North America, Russia; Oriental – Nepal, Pakistan, India, Bhutan, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Indonesia; Palaearctic – Japan (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Harmonia expallida (Weise, 1907)

Coccinella (Harmonia) quadripunctata var. expallida Weise, 1907:15. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Humla, Jumla from 2800–3100 m asl (Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Mader, 1931), Pakistan (Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019).

Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant, 1853)

Ballia eucharis Mulsant, 1853:167. “les parties boréales des Indes orientales”.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Sankhuwasabha, Myagdi (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Rasuwa (Kapur, 1955), Dadeldhura (additional record) from 1400–2239 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Mulsant, 1853, 1866), Pakistan, Myanmar, Southern China (Wei et al., 2011; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019).

Harmonia octomaculata (Fabricius, 1781)

Coccinella octomaculata Fabricius, 1781:97. Not specified.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Poorani, 2012).

Global distribution. Australasian – Australia; Oceanic – Micronesia; Oriental – Nepal, India, Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Harmonia sedecimnotata (Fabricius, 1801)

Coccinella sedecimnotata Fabricius, 1801:370. Indonesia.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu (Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015), Lalitpur (KC et al., 2019) from 1320–1450 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, China (Semyanov, 2000), Taiwan, Malacca, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Amboina, Sumba, Bali, Ceram (Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), Malaysia (Poorani, 2023a).

Genus Hippodamia Chevrolat, 1836

Hippodamia Chevrolat [in Dejean], 1836. Type species: Coccinella tredecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758.

Hippodamia arctica (Schneider, 1792)

Coccinella arctica Schneider, 1792:148. Sweden.

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur at 2600 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997).

Global distribution. Nearctic – Canada, Alaska; Oriental – Nepal, India (Poorani, 2023a; Thapa, 2015); Palaearctic – China, Scandinavia, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan (Biranvand et al., 2020).

Hippodamia tredecimpunctata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Coccinella tredecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758:366. Europe.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Poorani, 2012).

Global distribution. Nearctic region; Oriental – Nepal, India (Thapa, 2015); Palaearctic – China (Rouzi et al., 2021), Algeria (Lakhal et al., 2018), Ireland (Anderson et al., 2013), Europe, Russia (European part, Caucasus, Siberia, Far East), Middle East (Iran, Iraq), Central Asia (Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), East Asia (Japan, Korea, Mongolia), North Africa (Biranvand et al., 2020).

Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777)

Coccinella variegata Goeze, 1777:246. Palaearctic.

Distribution in Nepal. Solukhumbhu (Kapur, 1961b), Sankhuwasabha, Kathmandu, Mustang, Manang, Dolpa, Taplejung (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Rasuwa, Ramechhap (Kapur, 1955), (Thapa, 2015), Dolkha (Bielawski, 1972), Lalitpur (KC et al., 2019) from 760–4000 m asl.

Global distribution. All continents except Antarctica (Biranvand et al., 2020).

Genus Illeis Mulsant, 1850

Psyllobora (Illeis) Mulsant, 1850:166, 1026. Type species: Coccinella cincta Fabricius, 1798: 77.

Illeis (Hibachi) bielawskii Ghorpade, 1976

Illeis bielawskii Ghorpade, 1976:579. Holotype ♂. – India, UASB.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Poorani, 2023a).

Global distribution. Oriental – India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, China (Poorani, 2023a).

Illeis (Hibachi) bistigmosa (Mulsant, 1850)

Psyllobora bistigmosa Mulsant, 1850:168. Malaysia.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha from 1100–1400 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015), China (Zhu et al., 2022).

Illeis confusa Timberlake, 1943

Illeis confusa Timberlake, 1943:61. China.

Distribution in Nepal. Gorkha (Canepari & Milanese, 2012), Dailekh (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015), Kaski, Lamjung (KC et al., 2018), Lalitpur (KC et al., 2019) Kathmandu (Bajracharya & Budha, 2021) from 700–3200 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China (Kitano, 2014), India, Thailand, Vietnam (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019).

Illeis sp.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu, Lamjung, Kalikot from 800–1300 m asl (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Genus Macroillies Miyatake, 1965

Halyzia hauseri Miyatake, 1965:71. Type species: Halyzia hauseri Mader, 1930.

Macroillies hauseri (Mader, 1930)

Halyzia hauseri Mader, 1930:162. China.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Poorani, 2023a).

Global distribution. Oriental – India, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Laos (Poorani, 2023 a); Palaearctic – China (Li et al., 2010).

Genus Megalocaria Crotch, 1871

Megalocaria Crotch, 1871:6. Type species: Neda reichei Mulsant, 1850.

Megalocaria dilatata (Fabricius, 1775)

Coccinella dilatata Fabricius, 1775:82. Indonesia.

Distribution in Nepal. Gorkha (Bielawski, 1972), Lamjung (KC et al., 2018) at 700–2800 m asl.

Global distribution. Afrotropical – Benin; Oceanic – Guam (Poorani, 2023a); Oriental – Nepal, India, China (Pu et al., 2024), Indonesia (Mulsant, 1850), Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Vietnam (Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2021).

Genus Micraspis Chevrolat, 1836

Micraspis Chevrolat [in Dejean], 1836:435. Type species: Coccinella striata Fabricius, 1792.

Micraspis allardi (Mulsant, 1866)

Lemnia allardi Mulsant, 1866:249. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Banke at 500 m asl (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oceanic – New Guinea (Poorani, 2023a); Oriental – Nepal, China (Weise, 1912), Pakistan, Myanmar, Indonesia, India, Borneo, Philippines (Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), Sri Lanka; Palaearctic – Afghanistan (Poorani, 2023 a).

Micraspis discolor (Fabricius, 1798)

Coccinella discolor Fabricius, 1798:77. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Kanchanpur (Bista & Omkar, 2011), Jhapa (additional record) at 81–229 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Fabricius, 1798), Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019). Almost throughout the Oriental and Palaearctics (Poorani, 2012).

Micraspis univittata (Hope, 1831)

Coccinella univittata Hope, 1831:31. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Sindhupalchok (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015), Kanchanpur (Bista & Omkar, 2011), Lamjung (KC et al., 2018), Nawalpur, Kailali (additional record) from 144–900 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), China, Myanmar (Poorani, 2023a).

Micraspis vincta (Gorham, 1895)

Verania vincta Gorham, 1895:686. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Chitwan at 300 m asl (Bielawski, 1972).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Myanmar (Gorham, 1895), Bangladesh, Thailand, India (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Genus Microcaria Crotch, 1871

Microcaria Crotch, 1871:7. Type species: Coccinella mulsanti Montrouzier, 1861.

Microcaria albolineata (Gyllenhal, 1808)

Coccinella albolineata Gyllenhal [in Schönherr], 1808:158. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Poorani, 2023a).

Global distribution. Oriental – India, Nepal, China (Crotch, 1874), Taiwan; Palaearctic – Japan (Poorani, 2023a).

Microcaria decemsignata (Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982)

Bothrocalvia decemsignata Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982:174. NA.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha at 1050 m asl (Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Indonesia, India, Nepal (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Poorani, 2023a).

Microcaria lewisii (Crotch, 1874)

Bothrocalvia lewisii Crotch, 1874:143. Holotype. – China, UCCC.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Poorani, 2023a).

Global distribution. Oriental – China (Crotch, 1874), India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar (Poorani, 2023a).

Microcaria pupillata (Swartz, 1808)

Coccinella pupillata Swartz [in Schoenherr], 1808:184. China.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha at 1050 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Nearctic – United States; Oriental – Nepal, India, Indonesia (Mulsant, 1850; Thapa, 2015), China (Crotch, 1874); Palaearctic – Japan (Leeper, 2015).

Genus Oenopia Mulsant, 1850

Oenopia Mulsant, 1850:374. Type species: Oenopia cinctella Mulsant.

Oenopia billieti (Mulsant, 1853)

Harmonia billieti Mulsant, 1853:144. “les provinces boréales des Indes Orientales”.

Distribution in Nepal. Rasuwa (Kapur, 1955), Manang (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Mustang (additional record) from 2200–3200 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Crotch, 1874), China (Yu et al., 2000), Bhutan, Bangladesh (Poorani, 2023a); Palaearctic – China (Yu et al., 2000).

Oenopia diabolica Canepari, 1997

Oenopia diabolica Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:54. Holotype ♀. – Nepal, MHNG.

Distribution in Nepal. Nuwakot at 3500 masl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Oenopia excellens (Crotch, 1874)

Dysis excellens Crotch, 1874:160. “Cochin China”.

Distribution in Nepal. Lamjung at 700 m asl (KC et al., 2018).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal (KC et al., 2018), India (Poorani & Booth, 2005), Vietnam/ Cambodia (Crotch, 1874), Myanmar, Laos (Poorani, 2023a).

Oenopia flavidbrunna Jing, 1986

Oenopia flavidbrunna Jing, 1986:207. Holotype  ♀.  – China, IZAS..

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur, Manang (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Dolkha, Darchula (Canepari & Milanese, 2012) from 2200–3500 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, China; Palaearctic – China (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Oenopia mimica Weise, 1902

Oenopia mimica Weise, 1902:505. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Kathmandu, Kaski, Manang, Taplejung, Dhading (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015), Lalitpur (KC et al., 2019) from 950–2150 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Thapa, 2015), Myanmar, Laos (Poorani, 2002a).

Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant, 1850

Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant, 1850:425. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Lamjung, Gorkha, Dailekh (Thapa, 2015), Lalitpur (KC et al., 2019) Kathmandu (Bajracharya & Budha, 2021) from 1100–1334 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China (Liu et al., 2025), Thailand, India, Taiwan, Myanmar (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan, Laos (Poorani, 2023a).

Oenopia octovittata Canepari, 2012

Oenopia octovittata Canepari, 2012:364. Holotype EC. – Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Jumla at 3280 m asl (Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Oenopia quadripunctata Kapur, 1963

Oenopia quadripunctata Kapur, 1963a:27. Holotype ♂. – India, ZSI.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Chitwan (Thapa, 2015), Lamjung (KC et al., 2018) from 180–1514 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Myanmar (Kapur, 1963), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), China (Poorani, 2023a).

Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant, 1866

Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant, 1866:281. “les Indes orientales”.

Distribution in Nepal. Lamjung, Rasuwa, Sindhupalchok (Kapur, 1955), Kaski, Gorkha, Dhading (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Chitwan (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015), Dolkha (Bielawski, 1972), Kathmandu (Bajracharya & Budha, 2021) from 180–3800 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Mulsant, 1866), Bhutan, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, China (Wei & Dai, 2021), Vietnam, Laos (Thapa, 2015).

Oenopia sexareata (Mulsant, 1853)

Coelophora sexareata Mulsant, 1853:181. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Sankhuwasabha (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kathmandu (Kapur, 1955; Thapa, 2015), Dolkha (Bielawski, 1972), Panchthar (additional record) from 560–3800 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Myanmar (Sicard, 1913), Bhutan, India (Dorji et al., 2019). China (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Vietnam, Indonesia (Sumatra). Palaearctic – Japan (Thapa, 2015).

Oenopia signatella (Mulsant, 1866)

Harmonia signatella Mulsant, 1866:58. “les régions boréales des Indes Orientales”.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Manang (Canepari & Milanese, 2012) from 2150–2500 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Bhutan, China (Montgomery & Keena, 2011), India (Dorji et al., 2019), Myanmar (Thapa, 2015).

Oenopia smetanai Canepari, 1997

Oenopia smetanai Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:53. Holotype ♂, MHNG; Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur, Manang (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Darchula, Dolakha (Canepari & Milanese, 2012) from 2200–3500 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Eastern Himalayas, Bhutan (Poorani, 2023a).

Oenopia zonata Yu, 2000

Oenopia zonata Yu [in Yu et al.], 2000:192. China.

Distribution in Nepal. Humla, Bajura from 2900–3500 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China (Yu et al., 2000).

Genus Palaeoneda Crotch, 1874

Palaeoneda Crotch, 1874:178. Type species: Coccinella miniata Hope, 1831:30.

Palaeoneda auriculata (Mulsant, 1866)

Neda auriculata Mulsant, 1866:195.”les Indes-Orientales”.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Poorani, 2023a).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Crotch, 1874; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan, Pakistan (Poorani, 2023a).

Genus Phrynocaria Timberlake, 1943

Phrynocaria Timberlake, 1943:34. Type species: Coccinella congener Billberg [in Schönherr], 1808.

Phrynocaria circumusta (Mulsant, 1850)

Artemis circumusta Mulsant, 1850:389. China.

Distribution in Nepal. Kaski, Surkhet (Canepari, 2003; Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015) from 850–1400 m asl.

Global distribution. Nearctic – US (Leeper, 2015); Oriental – Nepal, China (Mulsant, 1850), India, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Phrynocaria eberti (Bielawski, 1972)

Coelophora eberti Bielawski, 1972:304. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Kaski (Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015), Sindhupalchok, Dolkha (Bielawski, 1972), Lamjung (KC et al., 2018) from 700–3800 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – India, Nepal (Poorani, 2023a).

Genus Propylea Mulsant, 1846

Propylea Mulsant, 1846:147, 152. Type species: Coccinella quatuordecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758.

Propylea dissecta (Mulsant, 1850)

Lemnia (Vola) dissecta Mulsant, 1850:377. “les Indes Orientales”.

Distribution in Nepal. Kanchanpur (Bista & Omkar, 2011), Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Darchula, Kaski, Bara (Canepari, 2003; Canepari & Milanese, 1997, 2012; KC et al., 2019) Jhapa (additional record) from 81–2600 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Bangladesh (Thapa, 2015), India, Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), Pakistan, Srilanka, Myanmar, Laos (Poorani, 2023a).

Propylea luteopustulata (Mulsant, 1850)

Oenopia (Pania) luteopustulata Mulsant, 1850:421. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Sankhuwasabha, Kathmandu, Kaski, Taplejung, Nuwakot, Dhading (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Sindhupalchok, Rasuwa (Kapur, 1955; Thapa, 2015), Dolkha (Bielawski, 1972), Dadeldhura (additional record) from 270–3800 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Bhutan, China (Lin et al., 2022), Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Sri Lanka (Poorani, 2012; Thapa, 2015), Pakistan (Hayat et al., 2017), Tibet, Taiwan (Poorani, 2023a).

Genus Synona Pope, 1989

Synia Mulsant, 1850:375 (preoccupied); 1866:248. Type species Synia melanaria Mulsant, by subsequent designation of Crotch, 1874:177.

Synona melanopepla (Mulsant, 1850)

Synia melanopepla Mulsant, 1850:376; 1866:248. “les Indes orientales”.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu at 1330 m asl (Bajracharya et al., 2024).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Vietnam (Poorani et al., 2008).

Genus Synonycha Chevrolat, 1836

Synonycha Chevrolat [in Dejean], 1836:460. Type species: Coccinella grandis Thunberg, 1781.

Synonycha grandis (Thunberg, 1781)

Coccinella grandis Thunberg, 1781:12. China.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu from 1300–1700 m asl (Miyatake, 1985; Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China (Deng et al., 1987; Thunberg 1781), Indonesia, Philippines (Mulsant, 1850), Sri Lanka, India; Palaearctic – Japan (Thapa, 2015).

Tribe Epilachnini Mulsant, 1846

= Cynegetini C. G. Thomson, 1866; Epivertini Pang & Mao, 1979; Eremochilini Gordon & Vanderberg, 1987

Genus Afidenta Dieke, 1947

Afidenta Dieke, 1947:109. Type species: Afidenta mimetica Dieke, 1947.

Afidenta misera (Weise, 1900)

Epilachna misera Weise, 1900:420. Sri Lanka.

Distribution in Nepal. Kaski (Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015), Sindhupalchok (Bielawski, 1972), Darchula, Chitwan (Canepari & Milanese, 2012), Kathmandu (additional record) from 180–2150 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, China (Dieke 1947; Wang et al., 2015), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia (Thapa, 2015).

Genus Afidentula Kapur, 1955

Afidentula Kapur, 1955:324. Type species: Epilachna manderstjernae Mulsant, 1853.

Afidentula bisquadripunctata (Gyllenhal, 1808)

Coccinella bisquadripunctata Gyllenhal [in Schoenherr], 1808:186. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Mustang from 1300–1500 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Schoenherr, 1808), Vietnam, China (Dieke, 1947), Sri Lanka (Thapa, 2015).

Afidentula himalayana Kapur, 1963

Afidentula himalayana Kapur, 1963:12. Holotype ♀. – India, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Taplejung (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Mustang (Canepari & Milanese, 2012) from 2000–2850 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Bhutan; Palaearctic – China (Dorji et al., 2019).

Afidentula manderstjernae (Mulsant, 1853)

Epilachna manderstjernae Mulsant, 1853:256. Holotype. – Asia, ZMUM.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Sankhuwasabha, Taplejung, Dhading (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kaski (Canepari, 2003), Rasuwa, Nuwakot (Kapur, 1955), Tanahu (additional record) from 1000–3000 m asl.

Global distribution. Afrotropical – Bahrain (Tomaszewska & Szawaryn, 2013); Oriental – Nepal, India (Dieke, 1947), Vietnam, China, Myanmar (Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019).

Afidentula stephensi (Mulsant, 1850)

Epilachna (Cleta) stephensi Mulsant, 1850:879. “les Indes orientales?”.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Poorani, 2012).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Pakistan (Tomaszewska & Szawaryn, 2013).

Genus Afissa Dieke, 1947

Afissa Dieke 1947:113. Type species: Coccinella flavicollis Thunberg 1781.

Afissa ampliata (Pang & Mao, 1979)

Epilachna ampliata Pang & Mao, 1979:152. China.

Distribution in Nepal. Humla 800–2400 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003), India (Poorani & Thangjam, 2019).

Afissa dumerili (Mulsant, 1850)

Epilachna dumerili Mulsant, 1850b:801. Lectotype. – “les Indes orientales”, CUMZ.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Sankhuwasabha (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Myagdi, Gorkha, Chitwan (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015), Lamjung, Kaski (Miyatake, 1985; KC et al., 2018), Tanahu, Jhapa, Nawalparasi (additional record) from 94–3000 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Burma, China, Vietnam (Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019).

Afissa gibbera Crotch, 1874

Epilachna gibbera Crotch, 1874:80. Holotype. – India, CUMZ.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Crotch, 1874).

Afissa kambaitana (Bielawski, 1967)

Afilachna kambaitana Bielawski, 1967:793. Holotype ♂. – Myanmar, NHRS.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha from 2000–2600 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China, Myanmar (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Afissa merkli (Jadwiszczak, 1989)

Afissula merkli Jadwiszczak, 1989:741. Holotype ♂. – India, HNHM.

Distribution in Nepal. Lamjung at 2400 m asl (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Afissa mysticoides (Sicard, 1913)

Solanophila mysticoides Sicard, 1913:507. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Taplejung (Thapa, 2015), Kathmandu (Canepari, 2003), Rasuwa (Kapur, 1955; Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015), Ramechhap (Bielawski, 1972) from 1800–3500 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, China (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019).

Afissa nielamuensis (Pang & Mao, 1977)

Epilachna nielamuensis Pang & Mao, 1977:323, 327. Holotype ♂. – China, IZAS.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Myagdi from 1800–2800 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China (Thapa, 2015), India (Poorani & Thangjam, 2019).

Afissa parvula (Crotch, 1874)

Epilachna parvula Crotch, 1874:80. Holotype ♂. – India, CUMZ.

Distribution in Nepal. Taplejung from 2400–2600 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Crotch, 1874; Thapa, 2015).

Afissa rana Kapur, 1955

Afissula rana Kapur, 1955:320. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Mustang, Kaski, Manang, Gorkha, Taplejung (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Lamjung (Canepari, 2003), Rasuwa, Nuwakot (Kapur, 1955; Thapa, 2015), Dolakha (Bielawski, 1972) from 700–3350 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003), India (Das et al., 2020).

Afissa sanscrita (Crotch, 1874)

Epilachna sanscrita Crotch, 1874:82. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Kaski, Taplejung from 1400–2500 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Crotch, 1874); Palaearctic – China (Kapur, 1963; Thapa, 2015).

Genus Diekeana Tomaszewska & Szawaryn, 2015

Diekeana Tomaszewska & Szawaryn [in Szawaryn et al.], 2015:562. Type species: Epilachna alternans Mulsant 1850.

Diekeana grayi (Mulsant, 1850)

Epilachna grayi Mulsant, 1850:774. Holotype ♂. – India, OXUM.

Distribution in Nepal. Rasuwa, Nuwakot (Kapur, 1955), Lalitpur (Miyatake, 1985), Kaski, Humla (Canepari & Milanese, 2012), Kathmandu (Miyatake, 1985; Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015) from 1100–3400 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, East indies (Thapa, 2015), Taiwan; Palaearctic – China (Pang et al., 2012).

Diekeana macularis (Mulsant, 1850)

Epilachna macularis Mulsant, 1850:797. Holotype. – Nepal, CUMZ.

Distribution in Nepal. Kaski at 1100 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003; Thapa, 2015).   

Genus Epilachna Chevrolat, 1837

Epilachna Chevrolat [in Dejean], 1837:460. Type species: Coccinella borealis Fabricius, 1775.

Epilachna bengalica (Dieke, 1947)

Afissa bengalica Dieke, 1947:130. Holotype ♂. – India, ANS.

Distribution in Nepal. Myagdi, Taplejung from 1650–2200 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Bhutan, Myanmar (Thapa, 2015); Palaearctic – China (Pang et al., 2012).

Epilachna cechovskii Canepari 2012

Epilachna cechovskii Canepari, 2012:365. Holotype ♂. Nepal, CPC.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Lalitpur, Manang, Dhankuta from 1000–2700 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Epilachna decemmaculata Redtenbacher, 1844

Epilachna decemmaculata Redtenbacher [in Kollar & Redtenbacher], 1844:564. Holotype. – India, NHMW.

Distribution in Nepal. Solukhumbu at 2600 m asl (Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China, Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), Sri Lanka, Burma, India (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Epilachna elvina Mulsant, 1853

Epilachna elvina Mulsant, 1853:250. “les provinces boréales des Indes orientales”.

Distribution in Nepal. Sindhupalchok at 2700 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019).

Epilachna gorkhana Miyatake, 1985

Epilachna gorkhana Miyatake, 1985:26. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, HU.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Taplejung, Kathmandu (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Darchula, Gorkha (Canepari & Milanese, 2012), Palpa (Miyatake, 1985) from 950–3200 m asl.

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Epilachna hendecaspilota (Mader, 1927)

Solanophila hendecaspilota Mader, 1927:44. Asia.

Distribution in Nepal. Taplejung from 1650–1870 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Philippines (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Epilachna hingstoni (Kapur, 1963)

Afissa hingstoni Kapur, 1963:10. Holotype ♀. – China, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Ilam, Mustang, Taplejung, Dolkha (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Baglung (Canepari & Milanese, 2012), Myagdi (Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015), Solukhumbu (Bielawski, 1972) from 1000–2750 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India; Palaearctic – China (Kapur, 1963; Thapa, 2015).

Epilachna laesicollis Mulsant, 1850

Epilachna laesicollis Mulsant, 1850:735. Himalaya.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha from 1600–1900 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Epilachna maculivestis Mulsant, 1853

Epilachna maculivestis Mulsant, 1853:251. China.

Distribution in Nepal. Dolkha at 2600 m asl (Bielawski, 1972).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019); Palaearctic – China (Mulsant, 1853; Thapa, 2015).

Epilachna marginicollis (Hope, 1831)

Coccinella marginicollis Hope, 1831:31. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Lalitpur (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Rasuwa (Kapur, 1955), Darchula (Canepari & Milanese, 2012) from 1825–3500 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Bhutan, Burma (Thapa, 2015); Palaearctic – China (Pang et al., 2012).

Epilachna mystica Mulsant, 1850

Epilachna mystica Mulsant, 1850:841. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Solukhumbu, Sindhupalchok (Kapur, 1955), Dolkha (Canepari & Milanese, 2012) from 1830–2900 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Bhutan, Burma (Thapa, 2015); Palaearctic – China (Pang et al., 2012).

Epilachna nepalensis (Kapur, 1955)

Afissa nepalensis Kapur, 1955:317. Holotype ♀. – Nepal, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Solukhumbu, Rasuwa, Nuwakot from 1525–3100 m asl (Kapur, 1955; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Epilachna schawalleri Canepari, 1997

Epilachna schawalleri Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:57. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Kaski, Gorkha from 900–1100 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Epilachna similbengalica Canepari, 2012

Epilachna similbengalica Canepari, 2012:366. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, CPC.

Distribution in Nepal. Dhankuta from 2000–2700 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Epilachna siphopocula Canepari, 2012

Epilachna siphopocula Canepari, 2012:366. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, CPC.

Distribution in Nepal. Rasuwa from 2000–2800 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Epilachna undecimspilota (Hope, 1831)

Coccinella 11-spilota Hope, 1831:31. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Hope, 1831).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, China, Myanmar, Sumatra, Sri Lanka, Thailand (Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019); Palaearctic – China (Pang et al., 2012).

Epilachna wallichii Hope, 1843

Epilachna wallichii Hope, 1843:311. Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Sturm, 1843).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Genus Henosepilachna Li, 1961

Henosepilachna Li [in Li & Cook], 1961:35. Type species: Coccinella sparsa Herbst, 1786 (=Coccinella vigintioctopunctata Fabricius, 1775).

Henosepilachna balajuensis (Jadwiszczak & Putz, 1994)

Epilachna balajuensis Jadwiszczak & Putz, 1994:13. Holotype ♂. – Nepal.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu at 1340 m asl (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Henosepilachna dodecastigma (Wiedemann, 1823)

Coccinella dodecastigma Wiedemann, 1823:73. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Lamjung (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015), Chitwan (Mishra & Regmi, 2022) from 182–850 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Bangladesh (Khan et al., 2000), India, Myanmar (Sicard, 1913; Kapur, 1963), China (Thapa, 2015).

Henosepilachna kathmanduensis Miyatake, 1985

Henosepilachna kathmanduensis Miyatake, 1985:23. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, HU.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Taplejung (Canepari & Milanese, 1997). Kathmandu (Miyatake, 1985), Chitwan (Canepari & Milanese, 2012) Kaski (additional record) from 180–2000 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Poorani & Thangjam, 2019).

Henosepilachna pusillanima (Mulsant, 1850)

Epilachna pusillanima Mulsant, 1850:784. Indonesia.

Distribution in Nepal. Kaski at 750 m asl (Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – India, Nepal, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019).

Henosepilachna ocellata (Redtenbacher, 1844)

Epilachna ocellata Redtenbacher [in Kollar & Redtenbacher], 1844:563. Holotype ♂. – India, NHMW.

Distribution in Nepal. Taplejung (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015), Kaski (KC et al., 2018), Nuwakot, Kathmandu (Kapur, 1955) from 830–2450 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, China (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019).

Henosepilachna processa Li & Cook, 1961

Henosepilachna processa Li & Cook, 1961:45. Holotype ♀. – “East Indies”, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Chitwan at 180 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Li & Cook, 1961; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), India (Das et al., 2022).

Henosepilachna septima (Dieke, 1947)

Epilachna septima Dieke, 1947:58. Indochina.

Distribution in Nepal. Chitwan at 180 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China, Vietnam (Thapa, 2015), India, Sri Lanka (Crotch, 1874; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019), Pakistan (Naz & Inayatullah, 2013).

Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius, 1775)

Coccinella vigintioctopunctata Fabricius, 1775:84. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Kathmandu, Sindhupalchok, Nuwakot, Dhading (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Chitwan (Canepari & Milanese, 2012), Bara (Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015), Lamjung, Kaski (KC et al., 2018), Lalitpur (KC et al., 2020) Ramechhap, Dolkha, Kavrepalanchok (Bielawski, 1972), Jhapa (additional record) from 81–2300 m asl.

Global distribution. Australasian – Australia; Neotropical – Brazil, Argentina (GBIF); Oriental – Nepal, China (Zhang et al., 2025), India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sumatra, Sri Lanka; Palaearctic – Japan (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky, 1857)

Epilachna vigintioctomaculata Motschulsky, 1857:40. Japan.

Distribution in Nepal. Ramechhap, Manang at 1700–2350 m asl (Bielawski, 1972).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Poorani, 2012), China, Taiwan, Vietnam; Palaearctic – Korea, Japan, Russian Far East (Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz, 2003).

Henosepilachna sp.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu at 1350 m asl (Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015).

Genus Uniparodentata Wang & Cao, 1993

Epilachna (Uniparodentata) Wang & Cao, 1993:126. Type species, Epilachna paramagna Pang & Mao, 1979.

Uniparodentata militaris (Dieke, 1947)

Afissa militaris Dieke, 1947:168. Holotype ♀. – India, USNM.

Distribution in Nepal. Chitwan, Sindhupalchok from 300–2150 m asl (Bielawski, 1972).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Dieke, 1947; Bielawski, 1972).

Tribe Hyperaspidini Mulsant, 1846

Genus Hyperaspis Chevrolat, 1836

Hyperaspis Chevrolat [in Dejean], 1836:435. Type species: Coccinella reppensis Herbst, 1783:48.

Hyperaspis marginaloides Canepari, 1997

Hyperaspis marginaloides Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:18. Holotype ♀. – Nepal, MHNG.

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur at 2700 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Tribe Noviini Mulsant, 1846

Genus Novius Mulsant, 1846

Nomius Mulsant, 1846:213. Type species: Nomius cruentatus Mulsant, 1846.

Novius fumidus (Mulsant, 1850)

Rodolia fumida Mulsant, 1850:904. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Banke at 170 m asl (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Afrotropical region; Oriental – Nepal, China (Pang et al., 2020), India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam (Thapa, 2015), Pakistan (Iqbal et al., 2018).

Novius marginatus (Bielawski, 1960)

Rodolia marginata Bielawski, 1960:439. Holotype ♂. – Indonesia, DEI.

Distribution in Nepal. Lamjung from 1000–1200 m asl (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Indonesia, Nepal (Thapa, 2015).

Novius octoguttatus (Weise, 1910)

Rodolia octoguttata Weise, 1910:51. Myanmar.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Chitwan (Canepari & Milanese, 2012), (Thapa, 2015) Jhapa, Janakpur (additional record) from 102–2800 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Myanmar (Weise, 1910), India, Sri Lanka (Thapa, 2015), China (Pang et al., 2020), Pakistan (Iqbal et al., 2018), Vietnam (Pang et al., 2020), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2021), Thailand (Poorani, 2023c).

Novius pumilus (Weise, 1892)

Rodolia pumila Weise, 1892:26. China.

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur at 1320 m asl (KC et al., 2020).

Global distribution. Oceanic – Micronesia; Oriental – Nepal, China, Taiwan, India, Vietnam; Palaearctic – Japan (Pang et al., 2020).

Novius sexnotatus (Mulsant, 1850)

Epilachna sexnotata Mulsant, 1850:807. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015), Lamjung (KC et al., 2018) from 700–1450 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, China (Pang et al., 2020; Thapa, 2015), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019).

Tribe Ortaliini Mulsant, 1850

Genus Ortalia Mulsant, 1850

Ortalia Mulsant, 1850:893. Type species: Ortalia variata Mulsant, 1850.

Ortalia horni Weise, 1900

Ortalia horni Weise, 1900:433. Sri Lanka.

Material examined. ♂, Nepal, Ilam (26°45'45.7194", 88°2'26.0154", 340 m), 10.x.2020, Sal forest, Budha, P.B.

Distribution in Nepal. Tanahu, Lamjung, Ilam from 340 – 949 m asl (new distribution record).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, China (Poorani, 2012).

Ortalia sp.

Distribution in Nepal. Manang from 1000–1500 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015).

Tribe Platynaspidini Mulsant, 1846

Genus Platynaspis Redtenbacher, 1844

Platynaspis Redtenbacher [in Kollar & Redtenbacher], 1844:6, 11. Type species: Coccinella luteorubra Goeze (1777).

Platynaspis angulimaculata Mader, 1938

Platynaspis angulimaculata Mader, 1938:51. China.

Distribution in Nepal. Lamjung at 870 m asl (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, Thailand, China (Mader, 1930; Thapa, 2015), India (Poorani, 2012).

Platynaspis ocellimaculata Pang & Mao, 1979

Platynaspis ocellimaculata Pang & Mao, 1979:95. Not available

Distribution in Nepal. Taplejung, Tehrathum from 750–1250 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, China (Thapa, 2015).

Platynaspis saundersii Crotch, 1874

Platynaspis saundersii Crotch, 1874:197. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Gorkha (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Kaski (Miyatake, 1985) from 700–1150 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Crotch, 1874), Pakistan, Bhutan (Poorani, 2023d); Palaearctic – Afghanistan (Miyatake, 1985; Thapa, 2015).

Platynaspis variegata Crotch, 1874

Platynaspis variegata Crotch, 1874:198. Vietnam.

Material examined. 1♀, Nepal, Darchula (29°45'58.284", 80°24'6.084", 769 m), 8.x.2020, Sal forest, Budha, P.B.

Distribution in Nepal. Panchthar, Darchula from 722–1455 m asl (new distribution record).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, China (Poorani, 2012); Vietnam (Crotch, 1874).

Tribe Shirozuellini Sasaji, 1967 [= Ghaniini Ahmad, 1973]

Genus Shirozuella Sasaji, 1967

Shirozuella Sasaji, 1967:24. Type species: Shirozuella mirabilis Sasaji, 1967.

Shirozuella schawalleri (Canepari, 1997)

Ghanius schawalleri Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:6. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Gorkha, Taplejung from 2000–3400 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Canepari & Milanese, 2012).

Genus Sasajiella Miyatake, 1994

Sasajiella Miyatake, 1994. Type species: Sasajiella amamiana Miyatake, 1994.

Sasajiella hartmanni Canepari, 2012

Sasajiella hartmanni Canepari, 2012:357. Holotype ♀. – Nepal, EC.

Distribution in Nepal. Humla from 2100–2400 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Tribe Sticholotidini Weise, 1900

Genus Jauravia Motschulsky, 1858

Jauravia Motschulsky, 1858:117. Type species: Jauravia pallidula Motschulsky.

Jauravia assamensis Kapur, 1963

Jauravia assamensis Kapur, 1963:71. Holotype ♂. – India, ZSI.

Distribution in Nepal. Lamjung (KC et al., 2018), Nawalparasi (additional record) from 144–700 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Kapur, 1961a).

Jauravia limbata Motschulsky, 1858

Jauravia limbata Motschulsky, 1858:118. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Taplejung, Gorkha (Bielawski, 1972; Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015) from 900–2150 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand (Thapa, 2015), China (Ren et al., 2009), Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2019).

Jauravia quadrinotata Kapur, 1946

Jauravia quadrinotata Kapur, 1946:85. Holotype ♂. – India, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Kathmandu, Taplejung (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Lalitpur (Miyatake, 1985; KC et al., 2020), Darchula, Kaski, Gorkha (Canepari & Milanese, 2012) from 400–1900 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Kapur, 1946), Bhutan, Myanmar (Thapa, 2015).

Genus Pharoscymnus Bedel, 1906

Pharus Mulsant, 1850:942, 948 (preoccupied). Type species: Coccinella 6-guttata Gyllenhal in Schönherr, 1808:206.

Pharoscymnus flexibilis (Mulsant, 1853)

Scymnus (Diomus) flexibilis Mulsant, 1853:271. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Humla (Canepari & Milanese, 2012; Thapa, 2015), Lalitpur (KC et al., 2020) from 1320–2800 m asl.

Global distribution. Afrotropical – Oman; Neotropical – Brazil; Oriental – Southern and western Asia, including Nepal, India, Pakistan; Palaearctic – Afghanistan, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen (Romanowski et al., 2018).

Genus Sticholotis Crotch, 1874

Sticholotis Crotch, 1874:200. Type species: Sticholotis substriatus Crotch, 1874.

Sticholotis amator Kapur, 1955

Sticholotis amator Kapur, 1955:334. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Rasuwa at 2134 m asl (Kapur, 1955; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Sticholotis decempunctata Sicard, 1911

Sticholotis 10-punctata Sicard, 1911:387. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Kaski (Canepari, 2003; Canepari & Milanese, 1997, 2012; Thapa, 2015) from 1000–2000 m asl.

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Sticholotis duodecimmaculata Canepari, 1997

Sticholotis duodecimmaculata Canepari [in Canepari & Milanese], 1997:6. Holotype ♂. – Nepal, SMNS.

Distribution in Nepal. Taplejung from 1800–2150 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Sticholotis duodecimpunctatus Weise, 1910

Sticholotis duodecimpunctata Weise, 1910:50. India.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Taplejung, Panchthar from 1600–2300 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Thapa, 2015; Weise, 1910).

Sticholotis kumatai Miyatake, 1985

Sticholotis kumatai Miyatake, 1985:6. Holotype ♀. – Nepal, ELKU.

Distribution in Nepal. Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Sindhupalchok from 1450–2900 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal; Palaearctic – China (Wang et al., 2014).

Sticholotis marginalis Kapur, 1956

Sticholotis marginalis Kapur, 1956:270. Holotype ♂. – India, ZSI.

Distribution in Nepal. Unspecified location (Poorani, 2012).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India (Kapur, 1956), Pakistan (Thapa, 2015).

Sticholotis nepalensis Miyatake, 1985

Sticholotis nepalensis Miyatake, 1985:4. Holotype ♀. – Nepal, ELKU.

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur (Canepari & Milanese, 1997), Palpa (Miyatake, 1985) from 2000–2650 m asl.

Global distribution. Endemic to Nepal.

Genus Synonychimorpha Miyatake, 1994

Synonychimorpha Miyatake, 1994:246. Type species: Synonychimorpha sexpunctata Miyatake.

Synonychimorpha chittagongi (Vazirani, 1983)

Sticholotis chittagongi Vazirani, 1983:301. Holotype ♂. – Bangladesh, BMNH.

Distribution in Nepal. Sankhuwasabha, Taplejung from 1100–1800 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Global distribution. Oriental – Nepal, India, Bangladesh (Poorani, 2003).

Tribe Telsimiini Casey, 1899

Genus Telsimia Casey, 1899

Telsimia Casey, 1899:109, 165. Type species: Telsimia tetrasticta Casey.

Telsimia sp.

Distribution in Nepal. Kaski from 1400–1500 m asl (Canepari & Milanese, 1997; Thapa, 2015).

Subfamily Microweiseinae Leng, 1920

Tribe Serangiini Pope, 1962

Genus Serangium Blackburn, 1889

Serangium Blackburn, 1889:187, 209. Type species: Serangium mysticum Blackburn, 1889.

Serangium sp.

Distribution in Nepal. Lalitpur (Canepari, 2003; Thapa, 2015), Lamjung (KC et al., 2018) from 700–2700 m asl.

DISCUSSION

A total of 219 coccinellid species, belonging to two subfamilies, 12 tribes, and 55 genera have been distributed across elevations ranging from 81 m to 4800 m asl (Fig. 1). The tribe Coccinellini is the most dominant group comprising 72 species, followed by Epilachnini (n=45 species), and Scymnini (n=45 species) (Fig. 2), including one undetermined species of the subfamily Microweisinae. Fourteen undetermined species are also given at the end of each genus. They remain undetermined due to insufficient specimen collections. Previously, Thapa (2015) classified all the species into six subfamilies, but the classification has been changed based on the recent molecular advancement and the checklist needs to be updated with this new classification system (Seago et al., 2011; Che et al., 2021). This list is updated with additional distribution of some species from various locations across Nepal. The elevation-wise distribution of Coccinellidae in Nepal represents the highest species richness at the elevation range of 1000–1999 m, followed by 2000–2999 m, 0–999 m, 3000–3999 m and 4000–4999 m respectively (Fig. 3) with significant (p-value<0.05) decrease in number of species with increasing elevation. This pattern has been shown in previous findings of Canepari and Milanese (1997) from Nepal. Five species Coccinella luteopicta, C. septempunctata, C. tibetina, Priscibrumus disjunctus, and Hippodamia variegata were found at elevation of more than 4000 m asl. However, C. septempunctata and H. variegata have been reported from a wide altitudinal range. Although eighty-two species were documented at lower elevations ranging from 81 to 999 meters, approximately 21 species were recorded exclusively below 1000 meters.

1.1.               Among all known species from Nepal, 20.5% are endemic, whereas 46.1% are recorded from Oriental regions only. The rest were found in different zoogeographical regions including Palaearctic, Nearctic, Afrotropical, Neotropical, Australasian, and Oceanic (Fig. 4). Several species belonging to the genera Phrynocaria, Epilachna, Henosepilachna, Curinus, Chilocorus, Coccinella, Harmonia, Hippodamia, Aiolocaria, Cheilomenes, and Pharoscymnus, also found in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, were also recorded from Nepal. Among these, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata, Curinus coeruleus, C. nigrita, C. undecimpunctata, C. transversalis, H. axyridis, H. variegata, and C. sexmaculata are cosmopolitan species found worldwide. Harmonia axyridis is particularly notable as an invasive species worldwide and capable of flying up to 1100 m above ground level at speeds of up to 60 km/h, dispersing up to 120 km in a single flight (González et al., 2018).

1.2.               Hippodamia variegata has been introduced in Australia, the Nearctic region, and the Neotropics for pest control, though it has also spread accidentally (Biranvand et al., 2020). While C. sexmaculata is native to Asia and Australia (Poorani, 2002b), its introduction outside its native range suggests the potential for it to become an invasive predator. (Assour & Behm, 2019).

Figure 1. Map showing the distribution of the known Coccinellidae in Nepal.

Figure 2. Number of genera and species of the known Coccinellidae in Nepal by tribes.

Figure 3. Altitudinal distribution of the known coccinellid species in Nepal.

Figure 4. Zoogeographical distribution of Coccinellidae known from Nepal. AFR: Afrotropical; NEA: Nearctic; NEO: Neotropical; OCE: Oceanic; ORI: Oriental; PAL: Palaearctic.

1.3.         The number of recorded ladybird beetle species of Nepal (219 species) is comparatively higher than that of neighbouring countries Pakistan with 79 species (Ali et al., 2018) and a total of 97 species from Bhutan (Dorji et al., 2021). However, this total number of species in Nepal is close to the total number of species for just three tribes (Coccinellini, Aspidimerini, and Chilocorini), which together comprise 176 species out of the various tribes found in India (Poorani, 2023a, 2023b, 2024). Hence, it accounts for the richness of ladybird beetle fauna in Nepal despite the fact that many terai and western areas are still unexplored in the country. Thus, additional in-depth research on this species and its ecology is essential to reveal the true diversity and richness of Nepalese ladybird beetles.

AUTHOR′S CONTRIBUTION

The authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: P.B. Budha: Conceptualized the MS, checked the validity of records, revised the manuscript, and supervised the work; S. Bajracharya: Wrote the manuscript, compiled the literature, revised the manuscript, and correspondence. The authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

FUNDING

This research received no specific grant from any funding agencies.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL

The specimens listed in this study are deposited in CDZMTU and are available from the curator, upon request.

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

This study only included plants and arthropod material, and all required ethical guidelines for the treatment and use of animals were strictly adhered to in accordance with international, national, and institutional regulations. No human participants were involved in any studies conducted by the authors for this article.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Not applicable.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank Dr. Janakiraman Poorani for providing inaccessible literature. PB collected some ladybird beetle samples from different locations in Nepal. We would like to express gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions, which helped to improve the manuscript.

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