The first comprehensive checklist of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Syria is presented, together with information on their type material. The checklist includes 89 listed taxa, comprising 79 species-level taxa (78 identified species and one unidentified species) and 10 subspecies in 54 genera and 15 subfamilies. The most species-rich subfamilies in the Syrian fauna are Pimplinae Wesmael, 1845 (18 taxa), Cryptinae Kirby, 1837 (16), and Campopleginae Förster, 1869 and Ichneumoninae Latreille, 1802 (9 each). Name-bearing types associated with Syrian taxa are traceable to 25 institutions worldwide, including 22 in Europe, two in Asia, and one in North America. Additional non-type and comparative specimens were examined and illustrated to support taxonomic assessments, while Syrian occurrence records were established independently of non-Syrian comparative material. Type localities and distributional data are provided by biogeographic region and, within Syria, by governorate whenever such information is available. A distribution map for georeferenceable Syrian records is provided. Comparative regional analyses situate Syria within the Middle Eastern ichneumonid fauna, highlighting its moderate recorded richness but also underscoring the incompleteness of current inventories. Two descriptive metrics were developed for these comparisons: recorded richness density per 100,000 km² and the proportional contribution of Syrian to Middle Eastern subfamily richness. In addition, six lectotype designations are proposed, including those of Collyria nigricator Aubert, 1964 [=Aubertiella nigricator] and Collyria orientator Aubert, 1979 (both Collyriinae Cushman, 1924), Barichneumon syriator Aubert, 1993 (Ichneumoninae), Dusona intelligator Aubert, 1966 (Campopleginae Förster, 1869), Exetastes segmentarius Pérez, 1895, and Lissonota superbator Aubert, 1967 (both Banchinae Wesmael, 1845). Furthermore, three genera and four species are recorded from Syria for the first time, namely Agrypon andalusiacum (Strobl, 1904), Barylypa delictor (Thunberg, 1822), Kokujewiella ibera (Ceballos, 1957), and Kokujewiella vicaria Shestakov, 1926. Molecular data are provided for the four species newly recorded from Syria and additionally for the previously recorded Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén, 1949). This checklist establishes a foundation for future faunistic, taxonomic, and molecular research on the Ichneumonidae from Syria, providing an essential baseline for regional and comparative biodiversity studies.